update-alternatives 命令用于处理linux系统中软件版本的切换,在各个linux发行版中均提供了该命令,命令参数略有区别,但大致是一样的。
1、 注册软件
以jdk为例,安装了jdk以后,先要在update-alternatives工具中注册;
# update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/java java /opt/jdk1.8.0_91/bin/java 200
# update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/java java /opt/jdk1.8.0_111/bin/java 300
其中:
第一个参数--install
表示向update-alternatives注册服务名。
第二个参数是注册最终地址,成功后将会把命令在这个固定的目的地址做真实命令的软链,以后管理就是管理这个软链;
第三个参数:服务名,以后管理时以它为关联依据。
第四个参数,被管理的命令绝对路径。
第五个参数,优先级,数字越大优先级越高。
2、查看已注册列表
# update-alternatives --display java
java - status is auto.
link currently points to /opt/install/jdk1.8.0_111/bin/java
/opt/install/jdk1.8.0_91/bin/java - priority 200
/opt/install/jdk1.8.0_111/bin/java - priority 300
Current `best' version is /opt/install/jdk1.8.0_111/bin/java.
3、 修改命令版本
注意--display
开关使用时第一行信息:
java - auto/manual mode
默认为自动版本,根据优先级,使用优先级高的。
下面手动修改为jdk1.8.0_91:
交互式修改
交互式会提示一所有可用的列表, 选择对应的索引确认。
# update-alternatives --config java
There are 2 programs which provide 'java'.
Selection Command
-----------------------------------------------
1 /opt/install/jdk1.8.0_91/bin/java
*+ 2 /opt/install/jdk1.8.0_111/bin/java
Enter to keep the current selection[+], or type selection number: 1
# java -version
java version "1.8.0_91"
Java(TM) SE Runtime Environment (build 1.8.0_91-b14)
Java HotSpot(TM) 64-Bit Server VM (build 25.91-b14, mixed mode)
# update-alternatives --display java
java - status is manual.
link currently points to /opt/install/jdk1.8.0_91/bin/java
/opt/install/jdk1.8.0_91/bin/java - priority 200
/opt/install/jdk1.8.0_111/bin/java - priority 300
Current `best' version is /opt/install/jdk1.8.0_111/bin/java.
看到当前状态变成了manual
。
修改为自动:
# update-alternatives --auto java
# java -version
java version "1.8.0_111"
Java(TM) SE Runtime Environment (build 1.8.0_111-b14)
Java HotSpot(TM) 64-Bit Server VM (build 25.111-b14, mixed mode)
# update-alternatives --display java
java - status is auto.
link currently points to /opt/install/jdk1.8.0_111/bin/java
/opt/install/jdk1.8.0_91/bin/java - priority 200
/opt/install/jdk1.8.0_111/bin/java - priority 300
Current `best' version is /opt/install/jdk1.8.0_111/bin/java.
又改为按照优先级高的了。
立即修改
除了交互式修改,也可以使用一条命令直接修改,修改后立即生效。
# update-alternatives --set java /opt/jdk1.8.0_91/bin/java
该情形适用于你对路径很熟悉,或者你已经进入了该路径:
# cd /opt/jdk1.8.0_91/bin/
# update-alternatives --set java $PWD/java
4、 update-alternatives是偏门命令吗?
可能你觉得这个命令很偏门,用处不大,但实际上在linux中早已被大量的使用。我们来挖掘一下,先看看我们注册的java做了什么:
# ls -l /usr/bin/java
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 22 Jan 16 01:45 /usr/bin/java -> /etc/alternatives/java*
# ls -l /etc/alternatives/
total 12
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Jan 16 01:57 ./
drwxr-xr-x 95 root root 4096 Jan 16 01:41 ../
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 13 Dec 2 12:40 awk -> /usr/bin/gawk*
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 29 Dec 2 12:40 awk.1.gz -> /usr/share/man/man1/gawk.1.gz
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 38 Dec 2 12:38 builtins.7.gz -> /usr/share/man/man7/bash-builtins.7.gz
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 12 Jan 12 02:04 c++ -> /usr/bin/g++*
...
首先可以看到我们的/usr/bin/java
是一个软链, 它连接到/etc/alternatives
目录中的另一个软链。
而/etc/alternatives
中有很多软链,这里只列出了一部分。看到awk了吧?来看看它有哪些版本:
# update-alternatives --display awk
awk - auto mode
link best version is /usr/bin/gawk
link currently points to /usr/bin/gawk
link awk is /usr/bin/awk
slave awk.1.gz is /usr/share/man/man1/awk.1.gz
slave nawk is /usr/bin/nawk
slave nawk.1.gz is /usr/share/man/man1/nawk.1.gz
/usr/bin/gawk - priority 10
slave awk.1.gz: /usr/share/man/man1/gawk.1.gz
slave nawk: /usr/bin/gawk
slave nawk.1.gz: /usr/share/man/man1/gawk.1.gz
/usr/bin/mawk - priority 5
slave awk.1.gz: /usr/share/man/man1/mawk.1.gz
slave nawk: /usr/bin/mawk
slave nawk.1.gz: /usr/share/man/man1/mawk.1.gz
5、管理软件包
开始我们以java为例,作为jre运行环境可以,但如果你作为开发测试环境,你会发现javac找不到。
# javac
-bash: javac: command not found
原因是我们只对java命令做了版本管理。
事实上,update-alternatives的原理是软链管理,可以处理目录。那么我们就可以把整个软件包目录都纳入管理。
首先清理掉原来配置的java命令配置。
# update-alternatives --remove java /opt/jdk1.8.0_91/bin/java
# update-alternatives --remove java /opt/jdk1.8.0_111/bin/java
ubuntu里可以直接使用下面的全部清除,centos没有:
# update-alternatives --remove-all java
注册javahome管理
# update-alternatives --install /usr/local/jdk jdk /opt/jdk1.8.0_111 300
update-alternatives: using /opt/jdk1.8.0_111 to provide /usr/local/jdk (jdk) in auto mode
# update-alternatives --install /usr/local/jdk jdk /opt/jdk1.8.0_91 200
# update-alternatives --display jdk
jdk - auto mode
link best version is /opt/jdk1.8.0_111
link currently points to /opt/jdk1.8.0_111
link jdk is /usr/local/jdk
/opt/jdk1.8.0_111 - priority 300
/opt/jdk1.8.0_91 - priority 200
配置jdk环境变量,指向注册的软链地址。
# echo export JAVA_HOME=/usr/local/jdk >>~/.bash_profile
# echo export PATH=$PATH:$JAVA_HOME/bin >>~/.bash_profile
# source ~/.bash_profile
管理JAVA_HOME
# echo $JAVA_HOME
/usr/local/jdk
# java -version
java version "1.8.0_111"
Java(TM) SE Runtime Environment (build 1.8.0_111-b14)
Java HotSpot(TM) 64-Bit Server VM (build 25.111-b14, mixed mode)
# javac -version
javac 1.8.0_111
# update-alternatives --config jdk
There are 2 choices for the alternative jdk (providing /usr/local/jdk).
Selection Path Priority Status
------------------------------------------------------------
* 0 /opt/jdk1.8.0_111 300 auto mode
1 /opt/jdk1.8.0_111 300 manual mode
2 /opt/jdk1.8.0_91 200 manual mode
Press <enter> to keep the current choice[*], or type selection number: 2
update-alternatives: using /opt/jdk1.8.0_91 to provide /usr/local/jdk (jdk) in manual mode
# echo $JAVA_HOME
/usr/local/jdk
# java -version
java version "1.8.0_91"
Java(TM) SE Runtime Environment (build 1.8.0_91-b14)
Java HotSpot(TM) 64-Bit Server VM (build 25.91-b14, mixed mode)
# javac -version
javac 1.8.0_91