日志等级
日志信息: 使用命令:scrapy crawl 爬虫文件 运行程序时,在终端输出的就是日志信息;
日志信息的种类:
- ERROR:一般错误;
- WARNING:警告;
- INFO:一般的信息;
- DEBUG: 调试信息;
设置日志信息指定输出:
在settings配置文件中添加:
LOG_LEVEL = ‘指定日志信息种类’即可。
LOG_FILE = 'log.txt'则表示将日志信息写入到指定文件中进行存储。
请求传参
在某些情况下,我们爬取的数据不在同一个页面中,例如,我们爬取一个电影网站,电影的名称,评分在一级页面,而要爬取的其他电影详情在其二级子页面中。这时我们就需要用到请求传参。
通过 在scrapy.Request()中添加 meta参数 进行传参;
scrapy.Request()
案例展示:爬取www.55xia.com电影网,将一级页面中的电影名称,类型,评分一级二级页面中的上映时间,导演,片长进行爬取。
爬虫程序
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
import scrapy
from moviePro.items import MovieproItem class MovieSpider(scrapy.Spider):
name = 'movie'
allowed_domains = ['www.55xia.com']
start_urls = ['http://www.55xia.com/'] def parse(self, response):
div_list = response.xpath('//div[@class="col-xs-1-5 movie-item"]') for div in div_list:
item = MovieproItem()
item['name'] = div.xpath('.//h1/a/text()').extract_first()
item['score'] = div.xpath('.//h1/em/text()').extract_first() #xpath(string(.))表示提取当前节点下所有子节点中的数据值(.)表示当前节点
item['kind'] = div.xpath('.//div[@class="otherinfo"]').xpath('string(.)').extract_first()
item['detail_url'] = div.xpath('./div/a/@href').extract_first() #请求二级详情页面,解析二级页面中的相应内容,通过meta参数进行Request的数据传递
yield scrapy.Request(url=item['detail_url'],callback=self.parse_detail,meta={'item':item}) def parse_detail(self,response):
#通过response获取item
item = response.meta['item'] item['actor'] = response.xpath('//div[@class="row"]//table/tr[1]/a/text()').extract_first()
item['time'] = response.xpath('//div[@class="row"]//table/tr[7]/td[2]/text()').extract_first()
item['long'] = response.xpath('//div[@class="row"]//table/tr[8]/td[2]/text()').extract_first() #提交item到管道
yield item
items
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*- # Define here the models for your scraped items
#
# See documentation in:
# https://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/items.html import scrapy class MovieproItem(scrapy.Item):
# define the fields for your item here like:
name = scrapy.Field()
score = scrapy.Field()
time = scrapy.Field()
long = scrapy.Field()
actor = scrapy.Field()
kind = scrapy.Field()
detail_url = scrapy.Field()
pipelines
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*- # Define your item pipelines here
#
# Don't forget to add your pipeline to the ITEM_PIPELINES setting
# See: https://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/item-pipeline.html import json
class MovieproPipeline(object):
def __init__(self):
self.fp = open('data.txt','w')
def process_item(self, item, spider):
dic = dict(item)
print(dic)
json.dump(dic,self.fp,ensure_ascii=False)
return item
def close_spider(self,spider):
self.fp.close()
提高爬取效率
爬取数据的过程中可能会遇到很多条数据,导致爬取效率变低,修改settings文件中的配置就能提高爬取效率.
1.增加并发量:
默认最大的并发量为32,可以通过设置settings文件修改
CONCURRENT_REQUESTS = 100
将并发改为100
2.降低日志等级:
在运行scrapy时,会有大量日志信息的输出,为了减少CPU的使用率。可以设置log输出信息为INFO或者ERROR即可。修改settings.py
LOG_LEVEL = 'INFO'
3.禁止cookie:
如果不是真的需要cookie,则在scrapy爬取数据时可以进制cookie从而减少CPU的使用率,提升爬取效率。修改settings.py
COOKIES_ENABLED = False
4.禁止重试:
对失败的HTTP进行重新请求(重试)会减慢爬取速度,因此可以禁止重试。修改settings.py
RETRY_ENABLED = False
5.减少下载超时:
如果对一个非常慢的链接进行爬取,减少下载超时可以能让卡住的链接快速被放弃,从而提升效率。修改settings.py
DOWNLOAD_TIMEOUT = 10
小试牛刀
爬取4k高清壁纸网站的图片并且提高爬取效率
爬虫程序
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
import scrapy
from ..items import PicproItem class PicSpider(scrapy.Spider):
name = 'pic'
# allowed_domains = ['www.pic.com']
start_urls = ['http://pic.netbian.com/'] def parse(self, response):
li_list = response.xpath('//div[@class="slist"]/ul/li')
print(li_list)
for li in li_list:
img_url ="http://pic.netbian.com/"+li.xpath('./a/span/img/@src').extract_first()
# print(66,img_url)
title = li.xpath('./a/span/img/@alt').extract_first()
print("title:", title)
item = PicproItem()
item["name"] = title yield scrapy.Request(url=img_url, callback =self.getImgData,meta={"item":item}) def getImgData(self, response):
item = response.meta['item']
# 取二进制数据在body中
item['img_data'] = response.body yield item
pipelines
import os
class PicproPipeline(object):
def open_spider(self,spider):
if not os.path.exists('picLib'):
os.mkdir('./picLib')
def process_item(self, item, spider):
imgPath = './picLib/'+item['name']+".jpg"
with open(imgPath,'wb') as fp:
fp.write(item['img_data'])
print(imgPath+'下载成功!')
return item
settings
USER_AGENT = 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/70.0.3538.102 Safari/537.36' # Obey robots.txt rules
ROBOTSTXT_OBEY = False ITEM_PIPELINES = {
'picPro.pipelines.PicproPipeline': 300,
} # 打印具体错误信息
LOG_LEVEL ="ERROR" #提升爬取效率 CONCURRENT_REQUESTS = 10
COOKIES_ENABLED = False
RETRY_ENABLED = False
DOWNLOAD_TIMEOUT = 5