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General Books on Electromagnetics
When our department recently reviewed our junior-level text, we were struck by the large number of books now available from wh ich to teach introductory electromagnetics. Here, I mention only my two personal favorites. The first is Ramo, Whinnery and van Duzer's cIassic text [S. Ramo, 1. R. Whinnery, and T. van Ouzer, Fields and Waves in Communication Electronics, Third Edition, New York, John Wiley and Sons, 1 994. ], first published in 1 965. This is the text from which I was taught as a student in 1 981. My second favorite is the unique text by Haus and Me\cher [H. A. Haus and 1. R. Melcher, Electromagnetic Fields and Energy, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, Prentice-Hall, 1 989. ], now sadly out of print. The book offers an unrivalled and rigorous development of quasi-statics, a field that most texts gloss over. We used this text for our juniors for many years, but it requires a stronger grounding in physics than most EE students now have. This, combined with being out of print, led us to replace it with a text more accessible to our students.
this work is still regularly cited today. It has recently been reissued by the IEEE, and it is again readily available. At the post-graduate level, Balanis's text has become a standard reference [4] . It is especially notable for its detailed and rigorous derivation of classic analytical results in electromagnetics, such as scattering from right circular cylinders and spheres. Harrington's book [5] is another standard reference, also available as an IEEE reprint; it is not dissimilar in coverage to Balanis. For more-advanced treatments - in particular, of integral equations - Ishimaru's text can be recommended [6] . Unlike most books on electromagnetics that first introduce analytical solutions, with numerics only introduced later, Smith 's book [7] starts with an immediate application of the FDTD before moving on to the more-classical approach. Another book taking a less-conventional approach is Elliot's particularly erudite text [8] . The book starts immediately with special relativity, and develops electromagnetics in that context. Jones presents an interesting unified treatment of acoustics and electromagnetics in [9] . His two-volume text is also of interest, although the slightly unconventional notation therein requires adjustment [10]. Tai 's text [11] is the standard reference on dyadic Green functions in electromagnetics. Felsen and Marcuvitz [12] - first published in 1 973, and also now available again as an IEEE reprint - is another classic in advanced EM theory, although not the easiest reading. Their coverage of the asymptotic evaluation of integrals is regularly cited. On guided waves, Collin is the standard reference [13]. For an very good treatment of stratified media, Chew's book rewards study [14]; Kong also addresses this in some detail in [15]. For an excellent treatment of electromagnetics in the context of radio astronomy, Kraus's book remains a valuable reference [16]. (The second edition ofthis text was effectively self-published). Although the latter part of both editions, especially that focusing on specific telescopes, is now of course very outdated, the first part retains its relevance. Many excellent books on electromagnetics ics than engineering oriented. A frequently referenced book in physics is Jackson's text [17]. Whilst I have referred to it on occasions, it can be a somewhat inaccessible for engineers. A volume (actually three volumes) to which I regularly refer are Feynman's Lectures in Physics [18]. Although first presented almost fifty years ago, Feynman's idiosyncratic approach remains compelling today, and his discussion of electromagnetic potential theory, including the Lienard-Wiechert potential, is superb. An interesting footnote here is that the final lecture concludes with a discussion of the Josephson junction, just invented at the time, and F eynman 's insight into its potential. In the closely related field of optics, Born and Wolf is the classic reference [19]. Finally, for those wanting an unconventional and challenging development with a very strong physics perspective, Schwinger's recently published and edited lecture notes on electromagnetics [20] can be recommended.
General Books on Computational Electromagnetics
Peterson, Ray, and Mittra's book [2 1] is a classic, with excellent coverage of both integral- and differential-equationbased techniques. It is perhaps strongest on the former. Bondeson, Rylander, and Ingelström's text [22] offers particularly concise coverage of the field, combined with a rigorous mathematical approach. It is particularly strong on basic aspects of finite differencing, especially when applied to complex exponentials - which underlies both dispersion and stability analyses of the FDTD. My own book [23] takes a slightly different approach to both these texts: it integrates theoretical development; MATLAB examples in one, two, and three dimensions; and application of commercial software. It provides approximately equal coverage of the FDTD, MoM, and FEM. Sadiku's book is widely referenced [24] . It is more general that the three discussed above, which focus primarily on full-wave applications. Booton's text [25] is similar to Sadiku's in its generality, but with less-extensive coverage. None of these texts addresses asymptotic methods - in particular, UTD - for which [26] remains the standard reference. It should also be mentioned that some recent antenna texts, for example [27, 28], contain introductory coverage of MoM, FDTD, and UTD
4. Special ized Books on Computational E lectromagnetics
There are several very good texts on the FDTD method. Kunz and Luebber's was the first [29], appearing in 1 993. Taftove's volume, presently in its third and co-authored edition [30], is the standard reference for the FDTD in CEM. The book offers encyclopedic coverage of the method. (Kunz and Luebbers were unfortunate to publish their book just before the revolutionary perfectly matched layer (PML) was invented by Berenger in 1 994, although the book still contains useful material, not the least a working FDTD code. This code has served as the basis for a number of academic codes.) Similarly, the FEM is weil served. There are a number of excellent texts on the FEM, including those by Jin (revised in 2002) [3 1], Silvester and Ferrari [32], and Volakis et al. [33]. Another useful source is the 1 996 volume edited by Itoh et al. [34] . More recently, Zhu and Cangellaris's text [35] provides coverage of many advanced issues in full-wave FEM. The book by Monk repays careful study by those wanting a text with more mathematical rigor, whilst still being firmly rooted in electromagnetics [36] . The MoM is currently less weil served by single-focus books. The original text by Harrington [37], although reprinted - but not revised - on several occasions and still very widely referenced, is not particularly useful when implementing complex RF simulation codes, since its focus is more on basic concepts. The text by Wang [38] is quite widely referenced, but was published many years back, and some of the more troublesome and advanced issues of a MoM implementation are not discussed in the book. Several important chapters in the now hard-to-find [39] are of considerable interest when implementing complex wire codes, and this still appears to be the only comprehensive derivation available of the magneticfield integral equation as generally used; this work generalized some aspects of Maue 's original derivation. Another hard-tofind reference with useful information on MoM procedures for arbitrarily oriented wire antennas is [40] . In this context, Moore and Pizer's monograph [4 1] was useful in its time, but unfortunately has never been revised, and may be difficult to locate. (Although a report rather than a book, a useful and readily available source on this topic is the theory manual for NEC-2 [42] .) Although focused specifically on antenna modeling as an application of MoM, the book by Makarov can be recommended [43].
1. S. Ramo, 1. R. Whinnery, and T. van Ouzer, Fields and Waves
in Communication Electronics, Third Edition, New York, John
Wiley and Sons, 1 994.
2. H. A. Haus and 1. R. Melcher, Electromagnetic Fields and
Energy, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, Prentice-Hall, 1 989.
3. J. A. Stratton, Electromagnetic Theory, New York, McGraw
Hill, 1 941.
4. C. A. Balanis, Advanced Engineering Electromagnetics,
New York, John Wiley and Sons, 1 989.
5. R. F. Harrington, Time-Harmonic Electromagnetic Fields,
New York, McGraw-Hill, 1 961.
6. A. Ishimaru, Electromagnetic Wave Propagation, Radiation
and Scattering, Engelwood Cliffs, NJ, Prentice-Hall, 1 991.
7. G. S. Smith, An Introduction to Classical Electromagnetic
Radiation, Cambridge, UK, Cambridge University Press, 1 997.
8. R. S. Elliott, Electromagnetics: History, Theory and Applications,
Piscataway, NJ, IEEE Press, 1 993 .
9. O. S. Jones, Acoustic and Electromagnetic Waves, Oxford,
Oxford University Press, 1 986.
1 5 8 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, Vol. 53, No. 6, Oecember 20 11
1 0. D. S. Jones, Methods in Electromagnetic Wave Propagation,
Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1 987.
11. C. T. Tai, Dyadic Green s Functions in Electromagnetic
Theory, Second Edition, New York, IEEE Press, 1 994.
1 2. L. B. Felsen and N. Marcuvitz, Radiation and Scattering
of Waves, IEEE Press, IEEE Press, 1 994, originally published
1 973 .
13. R. E. Collin, Field Theory of Guided Waves, New York,
IEEE Press, 1 991.
1 4. W. C. Chew, Waves and Fields in Inhomogeneous Media,
New York, van Nostrand Reinhold, 1 990.
1 5 . J. A. Kong, Electromagnetic Wave Theory, New York, John
Wiley and Sons, 1 986.
1 6. J. D. Kraus, Radio Astronomy, New York, McGraw-Hill,
1 968.
1 7. 1. D. Jackson, Classical Electrodynamics, Second Edition,
New York, John Wiley and Sons, 1 975.
1 8. R. P. Feynmann, R. B. Leighton, and P. Sands, The Feynmann
Lectures on Physics, Reading, MA, Addison-Wesley, 1 963.
1 9. M. Born and E. Wolf, Principles ofOptics: Electromagnetic
Theory of Propagation, Interference and DifJraction of Light,
Seventh Edition, Cambridge, UK, Cambridge University Press,
1 999.
20. 1. Schwinger, L. L. DeRaad, K. A. Milton, and w.-Y. Tsai,
Classical Electrodynamics, Reading, MA, Perseus Books,
1 998.
21. A. F. Peterson, S. L. Ray, and R. Mittra, Computational
Methods for Electromagnetics, Oxford and New York, Oxford
University Press and IEEE Press, 1 998.
22. A. Bondeson, T. Rylander, and P. Ingelström, Computational
Electromagnetics, New York, NY, Springer Science, 2005 .
23. D. B. Davidson, Computational Electromagnetics for RF
and Microwave Engineering, Second Edition, Cambridge, UK,
Cambridge University Press, 20 1 1.
24. M . N . O. Sadiku, Numerical Techniques in Electromagnetics
with MATLAB, Boca Raton, Florida, CRC Press, 2009.
25. R. C. Booton, Computational Methods for Electromagnetics
and Microwaves, New York, John Wiley and Sons, 1 992.
26. D. A. McNamara, C. W. I. Pistorius, and J. A. G. Malherbe,
The Uniform Geometrical Theory of DifJraction, Norwood,
MA, Artech House, 1 990.
27. W. L. Stutzman and G. A. Thiele, Antenna Theory and
Design, Second Edition, New York, John Wiley and Sons, 1 998.
28. C. A. Balanis, Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design, Second
Edition, New York, John Wiley and Sons, 1 997.
29. K. S. Kunz and R. 1. Luebbers, The Finite DifJerence Time
Domain Method for Electromagnetics, Boca Raton, Florida,
CRC Press, 1 993 .
30. A. Taflove and S. Hagness, Computational Electrodynamics:
The Finite DifJerence Time Domain Method, Third
Edition, Norwood, MA, Artech House, 2005.
31. 1.-M. Jin, The Finite Element Method in Electromagnetics,
Second Edition, New York, John Wiley and Sons, 2002.
32. P. P. Silvester and R. L. Ferrari, Finite Elements for Electrical
Engineers, Third Edition, Cambridge, Cambridge University
Press, 1 996.
33. J. Volakis, A. Chatterjee, and L. Kempel, Finite Element
Method for Electromagnetics: Antennas, Microwave Circuits
and Scattering Applications, Oxford and New York, Oxford
University Press and IEEE Press, 1 998.
34. T. Itoh, G. Pelosi, and P. P. Silvester (eds.), Finite Element
Software for Microwave Engineering, New York, John Wiley
and Sons, 1 996.
35. Y. Zhu and A. C. Cangellaris, Multigrid Finite Element
Methods for Electromagnetic Field Modeling, New York, IEEE
Press, 2006.
36. P. Monk, Finite Element Methodsfor Maxwells Equations,
Oxford, UK, Oxford University Press, 2003 .
37. R. F. Harrington, Field Computation by Moment Methods,
Malabar, Florida, Robert E. Krieger, 1 982, reprint of 1 968
edition.
38. J. 1. H. Wang, Generalized Moment Methods in Electromagnetics,
New York, John Wiley and Sons, 1 991.
39. R. Mittra (ed.), Computer Techniquesfor Electromagnetics,
Oxford, Pergamon, 1 973.
40. W. A. Imbriale, "Applications of the Method ofMoments to
Thin-Wire Elements and Arrays," in R. Mittra (ed.), Numerical
and Asymptotic Techniques in Electromagnetics, Berlin,
Springer-Verlag, 1 975.
41. J. Moore and R. Pizer (eds.), Moment Methods in Electromagnetics
Techniques and Applications, Letchworth, Hertfordshire,
Research Studies Press, 1 986.
IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, Vol. 53, No. 6, December 20 11 1 59
42. G. 1. Burke and A. 1. Poggio, "Numerical Electromagnetics
Code (NEC) - Method ofMoments; Part I: Program Description
- Theory," January 1 981.
43 . S . N . Makarov, Antenna and EM modeling with MATLAB,
New York, John Wiley and Sons, 2002.
44. W. H. Press, S. A. Teukolsky, W. Vettering, and B. R.
Flannery, Numerieal Reeipes: The Art ofScientifie Computing,
Third Edition, Cambridge, England, Cambridge University
Press, 2007.
45 . R. D. Richtmyer and K. Morton, DifJerenee Methods for
Initial- Value Problems, Seeond Edition, New York, John Wiley
and Sons, 1 967, 1 994 reprint, Malabar, FA, Krieger.
46. T. 1. R. Hughes, The Finite Element Method: Linear Static
and Dynamic Finite Element Analysis, Englewood Cliffs, NJ,
Prentice-Hall, 1 987, Dover reprint, 2000.
47. D. Braess, Finite Elements Theory, Fast Solvers, and
Applications in Solid Mechanics, Second Edition, Cambridge,
UK, Cambridge University Press, 2001.
48. M. Boas, Mathematical Methods in the Physical Sciences,
Third Edition, New York, John Wiley and Sons, 2005.
49. G. B. Arfken and H. J. Weber, Mathematical Methods for
Physicists, Second Edition, Burlington, MA, Elsevier, 2005.
50. B. D. Reddy, Introductory Functional Analysis: With
Applications to Boundary- Value Problems and Finite Elements,
New York, Springer-Verlag, 1 998.
51. G. H. Golub and C. F. Van Loan, Matrix Computations,
Third Edition, Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press,
1 996.
52. A. Jennings, Matrix Computation for Engineers and Scientists,
Chichester, John Wiley and Sons, 1 985.
53. I. Stakgold, Green :S Functions and Boundary Value
Problems, New York, John Wiley and Sons, 1 979.
54. D. G. Dudley, Mathematieal Foundations for Electromagnetie
Theory, New York, IEEE Press, 1 994. A�
1 60 IEEE Antennas