(1) A set of points lying on a line called a Range. (同前)
(2) A set of concurrent lines lying in a plane called aFlat Pencil(扁平束), or shortly a Pencil.
(3) A set of planes passing through a line called an Axial Pencil(轴束).
(5) A set of lines lying in a plane but not concurrent. (平面不同心的直线的集合)
(6) A set of concurrent lines not in one plane.(不在同一平面的同心的直线的集合)
(7) A set of planes passing through one point.(通过同一点的平面的集合)
(8) A set of points, lines and planes in space. (空间的点、线、面的集合)
Veblen认为有9种基本形,即:
下面3种是第1级(grade)或1维基本形:
1: A pencil of points(这种称呼少见) or a range is the figure formed by the set of all points on the same line. The line is called the axis of the pencil. the axis of the pencil.2: A pencil of lines or arange(与上重) is the figure formed by the set of all lines on the same point. The point is called the center of the pencil. the center of the pencil.
the pencil of points is the space dual of the pencil of planes.
3: A pencil of lines or a flat pencil is the figure formed by the set of all lines which are at once on the same point and the same plane ; the point is called the vertex or center of the pencil.
下面是第2级(grade)或2维基本形:
4:The set of points on a plane is called a plane of point,
The set of lines on a plane is called a bound of lines,
The point is called the of base and the two forms. The figure composed of a plane of a points and a plane of lines with the same base is called a plannar field. The set of planes on a point is called abound of planes, The set of lines on a point is called a plane of lines, The plane is called the center of the two forms. The figure composed of a bundle of a lines and a bunle of planes with the same center is called simple a bundle.
而空间的点或面是第3级(grade)或3维基本形:
or of three dimensions.
* The pencil of planes is also called by some writers a sheaf.
6 .PRIMITIVE GEOMETRIC FORMS
There are then, all told, nine primitive geometric forms in a space of three dimensions.*
Lehmer[4]则对Cremonna的1、2类基本形同样有点列、轴束之称,而把他的第3种基本形扁平束简单地称射线束(a pencil of rays),第4类2种图形合称空间点系(point system), 而第5类2种图形合称平面系(plane system)。此外还加了一个 空间直线系:即由空间所有直线所组成的集合。即一共有7种基本形。如将点系、平面系都看成2种基本形,则一共是9种基本形。
其中,点列、轴束、线束都是一阶的基本形,2种平面系都是二阶的基本形,2种空间系都是三阶的基本形,而空间直线系是四阶基本形。
综合大家的讨论,我认为一共是10种基本形:
【注1】以上表格最下面一行是公式的通式:基本形维数 = 基底维数-约束维数,但它不适合第10种基本形
【思考1】一空间直线是2个空间点的连线或2个空间面的交线,而空间点或面都是3维,为什么空间直线系不上6维?
【提示】参看参考文献6之20小节.
【思考2】为前面表中4种2维基本形相互之间找6种透视对应。