1，最通用的模板交换函数模式：创建临时对象，调用对象的赋值操作符。
template <class T> void swap ( T& a, T& b )
{
T c(a); a=b; b=c;
}
需要构建临时对象，一个拷贝构造，两次赋值操作。
2，针对int型优化：
void swap(int & __restrict a, int & __restrict b)
{
a ^= b;
b ^= a;
a ^= b;
}
无需构造临时对象，异或
因为指针是int，所以基于这个思路可以优化1：
template <typename T> void Swap(T & obj1,T & obj2)
{
unsigned char * pObj1 = reinterpret_cast<unsigned char *>(&obj1);
unsigned char * pObj2 = reinterpret_cast<unsigned char *>(&obj2);
for (unsigned long x = ; x < sizeof(T); ++x)
{
pObj1[x] ^= pObj2[x];
pObj2[x] ^= pObj1[x];
pObj1[x] ^= pObj2[x];
}
}
3，针对内建类型的优化： int, flaot, double 等，甚至重载运算符的用户自定义类型：向量，矩阵，图像等。。。
type a; -- e.g 10
type b; -- e.g 5
a = a+b ; -- a=15,b=5
b = a-b ; -- a=15,b=10
a= a -b ; -- a= 5,b=10
// 无需构造临时变量。使用基本运算操作符。
Ok, let's see.
a = a + b;
b = a - b;
a = a - b;
Let's introduce new names
c = a + b;
d = c - b;
e = c - d;
And we want to prove that d == a and e == b.
d = (a + b) - b = a, proved.
e = (a + b) - ((a + b) - b) = (a + b) - a = b, proved.
For all real numbers.
4，swap的一些特化：
std::string, std::vector各自实现了swap函数，
string中
template<class _Elem,
class _Traits,
class _Alloc> inline
void __CLRCALL_OR_CDECL swap(basic_string<_Elem, _Traits, _Alloc>& _Left,
basic_string<_Elem, _Traits, _Alloc>& _Right)
{ // swap _Left and _Right strings
_Left.swap(_Right);
}
void __CLR_OR_THIS_CALL swap(_Myt& _Right)
{ // exchange contents with _Right
if (this == &_Right)
; // same object, do nothing
else if (_Mybase::_Alval == _Right._Alval)
{ // same allocator, swap control information
#if _HAS_ITERATOR_DEBUGGING
this->_Swap_all(_Right);
#endif /* _HAS_ITERATOR_DEBUGGING */
_Bxty _Tbx = _Bx;
_Bx = _Right._Bx, _Right._Bx = _Tbx;
size_type _Tlen = _Mysize;
_Mysize = _Right._Mysize, _Right._Mysize = _Tlen;
size_type _Tres = _Myres;
_Myres = _Right._Myres, _Right._Myres = _Tres;
}
else
{ // different allocator, do multiple assigns
_Myt _Tmp = *this;
*this = _Right;
_Right = _Tmp;
}
}
第二个swap(Right)进行判断，如果使用了相同的分配器，则直接交换控制信息，否则调用string: 
perator=进行拷贝赋值。。。所以建议优先使用swap函数，而不是赋值操作符。
vector中
template<class _Ty,
class _Alloc> inline
void swap(vector<_Ty, _Alloc>& _Left, vector<_Ty, _Alloc>& _Right)
{ // swap _Left and _Right vectors
_Left.swap(_Right);
}
void swap(_Myt& _Right)
{ // exchange contents with _Right
if (this == &_Right)
; // same object, do nothing
else if (this->_Alval == _Right._Alval)
{ // same allocator, swap control information
#if _HAS_ITERATOR_DEBUGGING
this->_Swap_all(_Right);
#endif /* _HAS_ITERATOR_DEBUGGING */
this->_Swap_aux(_Right);
_STD swap(_Myfirst, _Right._Myfirst);
_STD swap(_Mylast, _Right._Mylast);
_STD swap(_Myend, _Right._Myend);
}
else
{ // different allocator, do multiple assigns
this->_Swap_aux(_Right);
_Myt _Ts = *this;
*this = _Right;
_Right = _Ts;
}
}
vector的swap原理跟string完全一致，只有当当使用了不同分配器才进行字节拷贝。其余情况直接交换控制信息。
测试用例：
5，Copy and Swap idiom
目的：C++异常有三个级别：基本，强，没有异常。通过创建临时对象然后交换，能够实现重载赋值操作符的强异常安全的执行。
Loki中智能指针 临时变量跟this交换，临时变量自动销毁~
SmartPtr& operator=(SmartPtr<T1, OP1, CP1, KP1, SP1, CNP1 >& rhs)
{
SmartPtr temp(rhs);
temp.Swap(*this);
return *this;
}
boost::share_ptr，share_ptr定义了自己的swap函数。
shared_ptr & operator=( shared_ptr const & r ) // never throws
{
this_type(r).swap(*this);
return *this;
}
void swap(shared_ptr<T> & other) // never throws
{
std::swap(px, other.px);
pn.swap(other.pn);
}
记得本科上C++课，老师特别喜欢拿String来举例子，面试题也特别喜欢String。。。下面说说String: preator=函数的优化：
最一般的写法，特点：使用const string& 传参防止临时对象。
String& String: :o perator =(const String & rhs)
{
if (itsString)
delete [] itsString;
itsLen = rhs.GetLen();
itsString = new char[itsLen+];
for (unsigned short i = ;i<itsLen;i++)
itsString[i] = rhs[i];
itsString[itsLen] = '/0';
return *this;
}
优化1，防止自我间接赋值，a = b; c = b; a = c; 如果没有第一个if判断，当把c赋给a的时候，删除了a.itsString，后面的拷贝就会出错。注意是if(this==&rhs), 而不是if(*this==rhs) .
String& String: :o perator =(const String & rhs)
{
if (this == &rhs)
return *this;
if (itsString)
delete [] itsString;
itsLen=rhs.GetLen();
itsString = new char[itsLen+];
for (unsigned short i = ;i<itsLen;i++)
itsString[i] = rhs[i];
itsString[itsLen] = '/0';
return *this;
}
优化2，不进行拷贝赋值，只是交换控制信息，而且是强异常安全：
String & String: :o perator = (String const &rhs)
{
if (this != &rhs)
String(rhs).swap (*this); // Copy-constructor and non-throwing swap
// Old resources are released with the destruction of the temporary above
return *this;
}
优化3，以最原始的传值方式传参，避免临时对象创建：
String & operator = (String s) // the pass-by-value parameter serves as a temporary
{
s.swap (*this); // Non-throwing swap
return *this;
}// Old resources released when destructor of s is called.
最后这张方式主要是对C++新特性rvalue的优化，具体参见：http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/More_C++_Idioms/Copy-and-swap
6. vector clear and swap trick
vector.clear并只是将size变量置为0，并没有及时归还OS，STL仍然持有内存，以便后续push_back。实测如下：
vector<int> temp;
此时打开资源管理器，内存如下：
增长vector然后清空：
temp.resize( ** ); // 80M
temp.clear();
此时资源管理器内存：
clear以后进程兵没有及时将内存归还OS。。。通过swap方法：
tmp.resize(**); // 80M
// tmp.clear();
{
std::vector<int>().swap(tmp); // 将内存归还OS
}
退出作用域，临时对象销毁。内存归还OS。此时资源管理器中进程内存回到1,864K。
附上网络版的String：
#include <iostream>
#include <cstring>
using namespace std;
class String
{
public:
String();
String(const char *const);
String(const String & ;) ;
~String();
char & operator[] (unsigned short offset);
char operator[] (unsigned short offset)const;
String operator+(const String& ;) ;
void operator+=(const String& ;) ;
String & operator= (const String & ;) ;
unsigned short GetLen()const {return itsLen;}
const char * GetString()const {return itsString;}
private:
String (unsigned short);
char * itsString;
unsigned short itsLen;
};
String::String()
{
itsString = new char[]; //为什么设置成1，这样会导致内存1bytes无法释放吗？我觉得和itsString = new char没区别，那他为什么要设置成1，这样有什么用？21天学会C++那本书，我也有 ，书上也确实是设置成1.
itsString[] = '/0';
itsLen=;
}
String::String(unsigned short len)
{
itsString = new char[len+];
for (unsigned short i =;i<=len;i++)
itsString[i] = '/0';
itsLen=len;
}
String::String(const char * const cString)
{
itsLen = strlen(cString);
itsString = new char[itsLen+];
for (unsigned short i=;i<itsLen;i++)
itsString[i] = cString[i];
itsString[itsLen] = '/0';
}
String::String(const String & rhs)
{
itsLen = rhs.GetLen();
itsString = new char[itsLen+];
for (unsigned short i = ;i<itsLen;i++)
itsString[i] = rhs[i];
itsString[itsLen] = '/0';
}
String::~String()
{
delete [] itsString;
itsLen = ;
}
String& String: :o perator =(const String & rhs)
{
if (this == &rhs)
return *this;
delete [] itsString;
itsLen=rhs.GetLen();
itsString = new char[itsLen+];
for (unsigned short i = ;i<itsLen;i++)
itsString[i] = rhs[i];
itsString[itsLen] = '/0';
return *this;
}
char & String: :o perator [](unsigned short offset) //这个程序这样写，起到了什么用处？？和main中的那一个对应？
{
if (offset > itsLen)
return itsString[itsLen-]; //这个返回itslen-1到底是什么意思？为什么要减去1 ？？
else
return itsString[offset];
}
char String: :o perator [](unsigned short offset)const
{
if (offset > itsLen)
itsString[itsLen-];
else
return itsString[offset];
}
String String: :o perator +(const String& rhs)
{
unsigned short totalLen = itsLen + rhs.GetLen();
String temp(totalLen);
unsigned short i;
for (i=;i<itsLen;i++)
temp[i] = itsString[i];
for (unsigned short j = ;j<rhs.GetLen();j++,i++)
temp[i] = rhs[j];
temp[totalLen] = '/0';
return temp;
}
void String: :o perator +=(const String& rhs)
{
unsigned short rhsLen = rhs.GetLen();
unsigned short totalLen = itsLen + rhsLen;
String temp(totalLen);
unsigned short i;
for (i = ;i<itsLen;i++)
temp[i] = itsString[i];
for (unsigned short j = ;j<rhs.GetLen();j++,i++)
temp[i] = rhs[i-itsLen];
temp[totalLen] = '/0';
}
int main()
{
String s1("initial test"); //调用了什么函数？
cout<<"S1:/t"<<s1.GetString()<<endl;
char *temp ="Hello World";
s1 = temp;//调用了什么函数？
cout<<"S1:/t"<<s1.GetString()<<endl;
char tempTwo[];
strcpy(tempTwo,"; nice to be here!");
s1 += tempTwo;
cout<<"tempTwo:/t"<<tempTwo<<endl;
cout<<"S1:/t"<<s1.GetString()<<endl;
cout<<"S1[4]:/t"<<s1[]<<endl;
cout<<"S1[999]:/t"<<s1[]<<endl;//调用了什么函数？
String s2(" Anoter string");//调用了什么函数？
String s3;
s3 = s1+s2;
cout<<"S3:/t" <<s3.GetString()<<endl;
String s4;
s4 = "Why does this work?";//调用了什么函数？
cout<<"S4:/t"<<s4.GetString()<<endl;
return ;
}
参考引用：
1，http://www.vbforums.com/showthread.php?t=245517
2，http://www.cplusplus.com/reference/algorithm/swap/
3，http://codeguru.earthweb.com/forum/showthread.php?t=485643
4，http://*.com/questions/1998744/benefits-of-a-swap-function
5，http://answers.google.com/answers/threadview/id/251027.html
C++ idioms
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Category:More_C%2B%2B_Idioms
Copy and Swap idiom
http://*.com/questions/3279543/what-is-the-copy-and-swap-idiom
History：
20140401 - add 6 vector clear and swap trick！