MySQL常见问题汇总

时间:2021-12-22 06:50:21

以下描述建立在以下表结构中:

create table test (
id bigint primary key auto_increment,
name varchar(32),
cts datetime
);

Dupicate Key

假定业务场景,用户登录时已知id=1,name是和请求相关的变量,要求写入test表中,如果test表中之前不存在数据则写入,如果已存在数据则将原数据返回。
1.1 没办法的办法

事务A 事务B
start transaction; start transaction;
insert into test(id, name, cts) values(1, ‘abc’, now());
insert into test(id, name) values(1, ‘def’, now());
commit;
error.duplicate key.
rollback

程序捕获到DuplicateKeyException返回,接口可用,但名称、创建时间不准;程序报错,数据准确但接口不可用。
1.2 没办法的办法 2.0

事务A 事务B
start transaction; start transaction;
select * from test where id = 1 lock in share mode;
select * from test where id = 1 lock in share mode;
insert into test(id, name, cts) values(1, ‘abc’, now());
commit
dead lock;
rollback

问题同上,结果同上。但是对普通索引仍然适用。

那么问题来了,我能不能再DuplicateKeyException的时候查询一下返回呢?少年,我觉得你很有想法,但是你如果耿直的去查询,肯定是查不到的(Read Repeatable)。

那么这个问题真的无解么?不不不,MySQL那么流行一定 是有它的原因的!https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/innodb-consistent-read.html
1.3 MySQL推荐的解决方法

事务A 事务B
insert into test(id, name, cts) values(1, ‘abc’, now());
insert into test(id, name) values(1, ‘def’, now());
commit;
error.duplicate key.
select * from test where id = 1 lock in share mode
commit

接口可用且数据准确。更多探索:数据库死锁示例
2.常见慢查询
2.1 最常见的慢查询

mysql> alter table test add index idx_name(name);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.03 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0

mysql> explain select * from test where name = '123' order by cts desc\G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
id: 1
select_type: SIMPLE
table: test
partitions: NULL
type: ref
possible_keys: idx_name
key: idx_name
key_len: 99
ref: const
rows: 1
filtered: 100.00
Extra: Using index condition; Using filesort
1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)

mysql> alter table test drop index idx_name;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0

懵逼脸,我明明走的索引,为什么还有filesort?(https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/order-by-optimization.html

其实这个解释后的SQL是这样的,查询使用了where语句(索引),但是排序无法走索引.

那我们尝试给cts加个索引不就可以了吗?少年,你很有想法,我们来实践一把。

mysql> alter table test add index idx_name(name);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.03 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0

mysql> alter table test add index idx_cts(cts);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.03 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0

mysql> explain select * from test where name = '123' order by cts desc\G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
id: 1
select_type: SIMPLE
table: test
partitions: NULL
type: ref
possible_keys: idx_name
key: idx_name
key_len: 99
ref: const
rows: 1
filtered: 100.00
Extra: Using index condition; Using filesort
1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)

mysql> alter table test drop index idx_name;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.04 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0

mysql> alter table test drop index idx_cts;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0

为什么还是filesort? 这是因为mysql只会挑一个最合适的索引啊!(https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/optimizing-innodb-queries.htmlhttps://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/generated-column-index-optimizations.html

那么我们再来尝试一下~

mysql> alter table test add index idx_name_cts(name, cts);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.03 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0

mysql> explain select * from test where name = '123' order by cts desc\G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
id: 1
select_type: SIMPLE
table: test
partitions: NULL
type: ref
possible_keys: idx_name_cts
key: idx_name_cts
key_len: 99
ref: const
rows: 1
filtered: 100.00
Extra: Using where; Using index
1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)

mysql> alter table test drop index idx_name_cts;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.03 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0

生效了有木有,但是这个索引是如何选出来的呢?可以看这篇官方文档:https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/controlling-optimizer.html

那我们有什么方法自己指定索引吗?毕竟看官方文档好烦!果然是同道中人,我们可以通过force index强制指定使用的索引。

mysql> explain select * from test force index(primary) where name = '123' order by cts desc\G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
id: 1
select_type: SIMPLE
table: test
partitions: NULL
type: ALL
possible_keys: NULL
key: NULL
key_len: NULL
ref: NULL
rows: 1
filtered: 100.00
Extra: Using where; Using filesort
1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)