python之数据类型与变量

第一：变量

变量作用：保存状态：说白了，程序运行的状态就是状态的变化，变量是用来保存状态的，变量值的不断变化就产生了运行程序的最终输出结果

一：声明变量

# -*-coding:utf-8-*-

name = 'cyy'

上述代码声明了一个变量，变量名为： name，变量（name）的值为："cyy"

二：变量的定义规则

• 变量名只能是 字母、数字或下划线的任意组合
• 变量名的第一个字符不能是数字（是字母或下划线(_)）
• 大小写敏感
• 两种风格：conn_obj或ConnObj
• 不能使用关键字，不能使用内建

以下关键字不能声明为变量名
['and', 'as', 'assert', 'break', 'class', 'continue', 'def', 'del', 'elif', 'else', 'except', 'exec', 'finally', 'for', 'from', 'global', 'if', 'import', 'in', 'is', 'lambda', 'not', 'or', 'pass', 'print', 'raise', 'return', 'try', 'while', 'with', 'yield']

注：变量全部大写的一般是常量

三：变量赋值

链式赋值：y＝x＝z＝1

多元赋值：x,y=1,2 x,y=y,x

增量/减量/乘量/除量 赋值：

变量解压赋值：

第二：数据类型

数据类型：数据类型是在数据结构中的定义是一个值的集合以及定义在这个值集上的一组操作。

python使用对象模型来存储数据，每一个数据类型都有一个内置的类，每新建一个数据，实际就是在初始化生成一个对象，即所有数据都是对象

对象三个特性

• 身份：内存地址，可以用id()获取
• 类型：决定了该对象可以保存什么类型值，可执行何种操作，需遵循什么规则，可用type()获取
• 值：对象保存的真实数据

以下是标准的数据类型：

一：数字

1：整型(int)

python2.*与python3.*关于整型的区

python2.*

在32位机器上，整数的位数为32位，取值范围为-2**31～2**31-1，即-2147483648～2147483647

在64位系统上，整数的位数为64位，取值范围为-2**63～2**63-1，即-9223372036854775808～9223372036854775807

 class int(object):
     """
     int(x=) -> int or long
     int(x, base=) -> int or long

     Convert a number or string to an integer, or return  if no arguments
     are given.  If x is floating point, the conversion truncates towards zero.
     If x is outside the integer range, the function returns a long instead.

     If x is not a number or if base is given, then x must be a string or
     Unicode object representing an integer literal in the given base.  The
     literal can be preceded by '+' or '-' and be surrounded by whitespace.
     The base defaults to .  Valid bases are  and -.  Base  means to
     interpret the base from the string as an integer literal.
     >>> int('0b100', base=)
     """
     def bit_length(self):
         """ 返回表示该数字的时占用的最少位数 """
         """
         int.bit_length() -> int

         Number of bits necessary to represent self in binary.
         >>> bin()
         '0b100101'
         >>> ().bit_length()
         """
         return 

     def conjugate(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
         """ 返回该复数的共轭复数 """
         """ Returns self, the complex conjugate of any int. """
         pass

     def __abs__(self):
         """ 返回绝对值 """
         """ x.__abs__() <==> abs(x) """
         pass

     def __add__(self, y):
         """ x.__add__(y) <==> x+y """
         pass

     def __and__(self, y):
         """ x.__and__(y) <==> x&y """
         pass

     def __cmp__(self, y):
         """ 比较两个数大小 """
         """ x.__cmp__(y) <==> cmp(x,y) """
         pass

     def __coerce__(self, y):
         """ 强制生成一个元组 """
         """ x.__coerce__(y) <==> coerce(x, y) """
         pass

     def __divmod__(self, y):
         """ 相除，得到商和余数组成的元组 """
         """ x.__divmod__(y) <==> divmod(x, y) """
         pass

     def __div__(self, y):
         """ x.__div__(y) <==> x/y """
         pass

     def __float__(self):
         """ 转换为浮点类型 """
         """ x.__float__() <==> float(x) """
         pass

     def __floordiv__(self, y):
         """ x.__floordiv__(y) <==> x//y """
         pass

     def __format__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
         pass

     def __getattribute__(self, name):
         """ x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name """
         pass

     def __getnewargs__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
         """ 内部调用 __new__方法或创建对象时传入参数使用 """
         pass

     def __hash__(self):
         """如果对象object为哈希表类型，返回对象object的哈希值。哈希值为整数。在字典查找中，哈希值用于快速比较字典的键。两个数值如果相等，则哈希值也相等。"""
         """ x.__hash__() <==> hash(x) """
         pass

     def __hex__(self):
         """ 返回当前数的 十六进制 表示 """
         """ x.__hex__() <==> hex(x) """
         pass

     def __index__(self):
         """ 用于切片，数字无意义 """
         """ x[y:z] <==> x[y.__index__():z.__index__()] """
         pass

     def __init__(self, x, base=): # known special case of int.__init__
         """ 构造方法，执行 x = 123 或 x = int(10) 时，自动调用，暂时忽略 """
         """
         int(x=) -> int or long
         int(x, base=) -> int or long

         Convert a number or string to an integer, or return  if no arguments
         are given.  If x is floating point, the conversion truncates towards zero.
         If x is outside the integer range, the function returns a long instead.

         If x is not a number or if base is given, then x must be a string or
         Unicode object representing an integer literal in the given base.  The
         literal can be preceded by '+' or '-' and be surrounded by whitespace.
         The base defaults to .  Valid bases are  and -.  Base  means to
         interpret the base from the string as an integer literal.
         >>> int('0b100', base=)
         # (copied from class doc)
         """
         pass

     def __int__(self):
         """ 转换为整数 """
         """ x.__int__() <==> int(x) """
         pass

     def __invert__(self):
         """ x.__invert__() <==> ~x """
         pass

     def __long__(self):
         """ 转换为长整数 """
         """ x.__long__() <==> long(x) """
         pass

     def __lshift__(self, y):
         """ x.__lshift__(y) <==> x<<y """
         pass

     def __mod__(self, y):
         """ x.__mod__(y) <==> x%y """
         pass

     def __mul__(self, y):
         """ x.__mul__(y) <==> x*y """
         pass

     def __neg__(self):
         """ x.__neg__() <==> -x """
         pass

     @staticmethod # known case of __new__
     def __new__(S, *more):
         """ T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T """
         pass

     def __nonzero__(self):
         """ x.__nonzero__() <==> x != 0 """
         pass

     def __oct__(self):
         """ 返回改值的 八进制 表示 """
         """ x.__oct__() <==> oct(x) """
         pass

     def __or__(self, y):
         """ x.__or__(y) <==> x|y """
         pass

     def __pos__(self):
         """ x.__pos__() <==> +x """
         pass

     def __pow__(self, y, z=None):
         """ 幂，次方 """
         """ x.__pow__(y[, z]) <==> pow(x, y[, z]) """
         pass

     def __radd__(self, y):
         """ x.__radd__(y) <==> y+x """
         pass

     def __rand__(self, y):
         """ x.__rand__(y) <==> y&x """
         pass

     def __rdivmod__(self, y):
         """ x.__rdivmod__(y) <==> divmod(y, x) """
         pass

     def __rdiv__(self, y):
         """ x.__rdiv__(y) <==> y/x """
         pass

     def __repr__(self):
         """转化为解释器可读取的形式 """
         """ x.__repr__() <==> repr(x) """
         pass

     def __str__(self):
         """转换为人阅读的形式，如果没有适于人阅读的解释形式的话，则返回解释器课阅读的形式"""
         """ x.__str__() <==> str(x) """
         pass

     def __rfloordiv__(self, y):
         """ x.__rfloordiv__(y) <==> y//x """
         pass

     def __rlshift__(self, y):
         """ x.__rlshift__(y) <==> y<<x """
         pass

     def __rmod__(self, y):
         """ x.__rmod__(y) <==> y%x """
         pass

     def __rmul__(self, y):
         """ x.__rmul__(y) <==> y*x """
         pass

     def __ror__(self, y):
         """ x.__ror__(y) <==> y|x """
         pass

     def __rpow__(self, x, z=None):
         """ y.__rpow__(x[, z]) <==> pow(x, y[, z]) """
         pass

     def __rrshift__(self, y):
         """ x.__rrshift__(y) <==> y>>x """
         pass

     def __rshift__(self, y):
         """ x.__rshift__(y) <==> x>>y """
         pass

     def __rsub__(self, y):
         """ x.__rsub__(y) <==> y-x """
         pass

     def __rtruediv__(self, y):
         """ x.__rtruediv__(y) <==> y/x """
         pass

     def __rxor__(self, y):
         """ x.__rxor__(y) <==> y^x """
         pass

     def __sub__(self, y):
         """ x.__sub__(y) <==> x-y """
         pass

     def __truediv__(self, y):
         """ x.__truediv__(y) <==> x/y """
         pass

     def __trunc__(self, *args, **kwargs):
         """ 返回数值被截取为整形的值，在整形中无意义 """
         pass

     def __xor__(self, y):
         """ x.__xor__(y) <==> x^y """
         pass

     denominator = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None)  # default
     """ 分母 = 1 """
     """the denominator of a rational number in lowest terms"""

     imag = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None)  # default
     """ 虚数，无意义 """
     """the imaginary part of a complex number"""

     numerator = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None)  # default
     """ 分子 = 数字大小 """
     """the numerator of a rational number in lowest terms"""

     real = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None)  # default
     """ 实属，无意义 """
     """the real part of a complex number"""

 int

python3.*整形长度无限制

 class int(object):
     """
     int(x=) -> integer
     int(x, base=) -> integer

     Convert a number or string to an integer, or return  if no arguments
     are given.  If x is a number, return x.__int__().  For floating point
     numbers, this truncates towards zero.

     If x is not a number or if base is given, then x must be a string,
     bytes, or bytearray instance representing an integer literal in the
     given base.  The literal can be preceded by '+' or '-' and be surrounded
     by whitespace.  The base defaults to .  Valid bases are  and -.
     Base  means to interpret the base from the string as an integer literal.
     >>> int('0b100', base=)
     """
     def bit_length(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
         """ 返回表示该数字的时占用的最少位数 """
         """
         int.bit_length() -> int

         Number of bits necessary to represent self in binary.
         >>> bin()
         '0b100101'
         >>> ().bit_length()
         """
         return 

     def conjugate(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
         """ 返回该复数的共轭复数 """
         """ Returns self, the complex conjugate of any int. """
         pass

     @classmethod # known case
     def from_bytes(cls, bytes, byteorder, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown; NOTE: unreliably restored from __doc__
         """
         int.from_bytes(bytes, byteorder, *, signed=False) -> int

         Return the integer represented by the given array of bytes.

         The bytes argument must be a bytes-like object (e.g. bytes or bytearray).

         The byteorder argument determines the byte order used to represent the
         integer.  If byteorder is 'big', the most significant byte is at the
         beginning of the byte array.  If byteorder is 'little', the most
         significant byte is at the end of the byte array.  To request the native
         byte order of the host system, use `sys.byteorder' as the byte order value.

         The signed keyword-only argument indicates whether two's complement is
         used to represent the integer.
         """
         pass

     def to_bytes(self, length, byteorder, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown; NOTE: unreliably restored from __doc__
         """
         int.to_bytes(length, byteorder, *, signed=False) -> bytes

         Return an array of bytes representing an integer.

         The integer is represented using length bytes.  An OverflowError is
         raised if the integer is not representable with the given number of
         bytes.

         The byteorder argument determines the byte order used to represent the
         integer.  If byteorder is 'big', the most significant byte is at the
         beginning of the byte array.  If byteorder is 'little', the most
         significant byte is at the end of the byte array.  To request the native
         byte order of the host system, use `sys.byteorder' as the byte order value.

         The signed keyword-only argument determines whether two's complement is
         used to represent the integer.  If signed is False and a negative integer
         is given, an OverflowError is raised.
         """
         pass

     def __abs__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
         """ abs(self) """
         pass

     def __add__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
         """ Return self+value. """
         pass

     def __and__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
         """ Return self&value. """
         pass

     def __bool__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
         """ self != 0 """
         pass

     def __ceil__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
         """
         整数返回自己
         如果是小数
          math.ceil(3.1)返回4
         """
         """ Ceiling of an Integral returns itself. """
         pass

     def __divmod__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
         """ 相除，得到商和余数组成的元组 """
         """ Return divmod(self, value). """
         pass

     def __eq__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
         """ Return self==value. """
         pass

     def __float__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
         """ float(self) """
         pass

     def __floordiv__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
         """ Return self//value. """
         pass

     def __floor__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
         """ Flooring an Integral returns itself. """
         pass

     def __format__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
         pass

     def __getattribute__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
         """ Return getattr(self, name). """
         pass

     def __getnewargs__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
         pass

     def __ge__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
         """ Return self>=value. """
         pass

     def __gt__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
         """ Return self>value. """
         pass

     def __hash__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
         """ Return hash(self). """
         pass

     def __index__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
         """ 用于切片，数字无意义 """
         """ Return self converted to an integer, if self is suitable for use as an index into a list. """
         pass

     def __init__(self, x, base=): # known special case of int.__init__
         """ 构造方法，执行 x = 123 或 x = int(10) 时，自动调用，暂时忽略 """
         """
         int(x=) -> integer
         int(x, base=) -> integer

         Convert a number or string to an integer, or return  if no arguments
         are given.  If x is a number, return x.__int__().  For floating point
         numbers, this truncates towards zero.

         If x is not a number or if base is given, then x must be a string,
         bytes, or bytearray instance representing an integer literal in the
         given base.  The literal can be preceded by '+' or '-' and be surrounded
         by whitespace.  The base defaults to .  Valid bases are  and -.
         Base  means to interpret the base from the string as an integer literal.
         >>> int('0b100', base=)
         # (copied from class doc)
         """
         pass

     def __int__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown

         """ int(self) """
         pass

     def __invert__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
         """ ~self """
         pass

     def __le__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
         """ Return self<=value. """
         pass

     def __lshift__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
         """ Return self<<value. """
         pass

     def __lt__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
         """ Return self<value. """
         pass

     def __mod__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
         """ Return self%value. """
         pass

     def __mul__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
         """ Return self*value. """
         pass

     def __neg__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
         """ -self """
         pass

     @staticmethod # known case of __new__
     def __new__(*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
         """ Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature. """
         pass

     def __ne__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
         """ Return self!=value. """
         pass

     def __or__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
         """ Return self|value. """
         pass

     def __pos__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
         """ +self """
         pass

     def __pow__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
         """ Return pow(self, value, mod). """
         pass

     def __radd__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
         """ Return value+self. """
         pass

     def __rand__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
         """ Return value&self. """
         pass

     def __rdivmod__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
         """ Return divmod(value, self). """
         pass

     def __repr__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
         """ Return repr(self). """
         pass

     def __rfloordiv__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
         """ Return value//self. """
         pass

     def __rlshift__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
         """ Return value<<self. """
         pass

     def __rmod__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
         """ Return value%self. """
         pass

     def __rmul__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
         """ Return value*self. """
         pass

     def __ror__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
         """ Return value|self. """
         pass

     def __round__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
         """
         Rounding an Integral returns itself.
         Rounding with an ndigits argument also returns an integer.
         """
         pass

     def __rpow__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
         """ Return pow(value, self, mod). """
         pass

     def __rrshift__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
         """ Return value>>self. """
         pass

     def __rshift__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
         """ Return self>>value. """
         pass

     def __rsub__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
         """ Return value-self. """
         pass

     def __rtruediv__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
         """ Return value/self. """
         pass

     def __rxor__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
         """ Return value^self. """
         pass

     def __sizeof__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
         """ Returns size in memory, in bytes """
         pass

     def __str__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
         """ Return str(self). """
         pass

     def __sub__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
         """ Return self-value. """
         pass

     def __truediv__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
         """ Return self/value. """
         pass

     def __trunc__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
         """ Truncating an Integral returns itself. """
         pass

     def __xor__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
         """ Return self^value. """
         pass

     denominator = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None)  # default
     """the denominator of a rational number in lowest terms"""

     imag = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None)  # default
     """the imaginary part of a complex number"""

     numerator = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None)  # default
     """the numerator of a rational number in lowest terms"""

     real = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None)  # default
     """the real part of a complex number"""

 python3.

2：长整形(long)

python2.*:

跟C语言不同，Python的长整型没有指定位宽，也就是说Python没有限制长整型数值的大小，但是实际上由于机器内存有限，所以我们使用的长整型数值不可能无限大。在使用过程中，我们如何区分长整型和整型数值呢？通常的做法是在数字尾部加上一个大写字母L或小写字母l以表示该整数是长整型的，例如：a = 9223372036854775808L注意，自从Python2起，如果发生溢出，Python会自动将整型数据转换为长整型，所以如今在长整型数据后面不加字母L也不会导致严重后果了。

python3.*：

长整型，整型统一归为整型

3：布尔型(bool)

真（True）或假（False）

0、空、None都是False，其他的全部为True

4：浮点数

浮点数也就是小数，之所以称为浮点数，是因为按照科学记数法表示时，一个浮点数的小数点位置是可变的，比如，1.23x109和12.3x108是完全相等的。浮点数可以用数学写法，如1.23，3.14，-9.01，等等。但是对于很大或很小的浮点数，就必须用科学计数法表示，把10用e替代，1.23x109就是1.23e9，或者12.3e8，0.000012可以写成1.2e-5，等等。

整数和浮点数在计算机内部存储的方式是不同的，整数运算永远是精确的，而浮点数运算则可能会有四舍五入的误差

5：复数

复数由实数部分和虚数部分组成，一般形式为x＋yj，其中的x是复数的实数部分，y是复数的虚数部分，这里的x和y都是实数。(虚数部分的字母j大小写都可以)

>>> 1.3 + .5j == 1.3 + .5J
True

6：与数字有关的内置函数

二：字符串

定义：它是一个有序的字符的集合，用于存储和表示基本的文本信息，‘’或“”或‘’‘ ’‘’中间包含的内容称之为字符串

特性：

只能存放一个值

不可变

按照从左到右的顺序定义字符集合，下标从0开始顺序访问，有序

1：字符串创建

a='hello word'

注：单引号和双引号没有任何区别

2：字符串的常用方法

name="zzl"
print(name.capitalize())#首字母变成大写
print(name.center(30)) # 居中
print(name.center(30,'*'))#居中加填充

msg='hello world'
print(msg.count('l'))#统计出现l在msg中出现的次数
print(msg.count('l',0,3))#统计l在msg中0到3之间l出现的次数
print(msg.count('l',-1))#统计l在msg中最后一个字符中出现l的次数
print(msg.endswith('s'))#判断msg是不是以s结尾，不是则为False，是为True
print(msg.startswith('h'))#判断msg是不是以h开头，不是则为False，是为True
print(msg.find('l'))#统计l出现的位置，如果不存在，则返回-1，存在返回位置，存在多个，只返回第一个出现的位置
print(msg.find('l',3,9))#统计l在msg的3到9之间，l出现的位置
print(msg.index('e'))#index与find本质区别是：index已经知道msg中存在e，然后进行查找，如果不存在会报错。
print(msg.isdigit())#判断字符串中是否包含数字,包含数字为False，不包含为True

msg='hello world'#多用于字符串拼接
msg_new='*'.join(msg)
print(msg_new)

msg='root:x:0:0:root:/bin/bash'
print(msg.split(':')) #split分割
print(msg.split(':',maxsplit=1))#以：为分割符，最大分割一次

msg_list=msg.split(':')
print(':'.join(msg_list))#按照：拼接字符串

msg='helLo world'
print(msg.upper())#小写转化为大写
print(msg.swapcase())#大小写转换
print(msg.lower()) #大写转换为小写
msg='*****zzl*****'
print(msg.strip('*'))#去掉首尾的指定字符
print(msg.lstrip('*'))#去除左边指定字符
print(msg.rstrip('*'))#去除右边指定字符

print(msg.replace('z','y')) #替换字符，不指定个数全部替换，指定几个就替换几个
print(msg.replace('z','y',1))　　

#字符串拼接
msg='My name is {name}, age : {age} '
print(msg.format(name='zzl',age=18))
print(msg.format_map({'name':'zzl','age':18}))

3：字符串不常用的方法

#不常用的方法
msg='hello world'
print(msg.isalpha())#msg是纯字母返回True，不是则返回False
print(msg.isidentifier())#msg是内置标识符，返回True，否则返回False
print(msg.isspace())#msg是空格，返回True，反之，返回False
print(msg.istitle())#msg是标题，也就是首字母大写，返回True
print(msg.ljust(10))#10个字符左对齐
print(msg.ljust(10,'*'))#10个字符左对齐,10个字符*填充
print(msg.rjust(10))#10个字符右对齐
print(msg.rjust(10,'*'))#10个字符右对齐,10个字符*填充
print(msg.zfill(20))#总长度20个，不足则在右边添加0

message='''aaa
bbb
ccc
ddd
'''
print(message.splitlines()) #按照行数切分

msg='hello'
#字符串索引操作
print(msg[4])
print(msg[-2])
#字符串的切分操作
print(msg[0:3]) #切分原则：顾头不顾尾
print(msg[0:])
print(msg[:3])
print(msg[0:2000:2])#按两个字符切分
print(msg[::-1])#hello倒过来

#再看变量解压操作
msg='hello'
x,y,z,*_=msg
print(x)
print(y)
print(z)
x,y,z='abc','aaa','xxx'
print(x)
print(y)
print(z)

4：字符串工厂函数

class str(object):
    """
    str(object='') -> str
    str(bytes_or_buffer[, encoding[, errors]]) -> str

    Create a new string object from the given object. If encoding or
    errors is specified, then the object must expose a data buffer
    that will be decoded using the given encoding and error handler.
    Otherwise, returns the result of object.__str__() (if defined)
    or repr(object).
    encoding defaults to sys.getdefaultencoding().
    errors defaults to 'strict'.
    """
    def capitalize(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        首字母变大写
        S.capitalize() -> str

        Return a capitalized version of S, i.e. make the first character
        have upper case and the rest lower case.
        """
        return ""

    def casefold(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        S.casefold() -> str

        Return a version of S suitable for caseless comparisons.
        """
        return ""

    def center(self, width, fillchar=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        原来字符居中，不够用空格补全
        S.center(width[, fillchar]) -> str

        Return S centered in a string of length width. Padding is
        done using the specified fill character (default is a space)
        """
        return ""

    def count(self, sub, start=None, end=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
         从一个范围内的统计某str出现次数
        S.count(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int

        Return the number of non-overlapping occurrences of substring sub in
        string S[start:end].  Optional arguments start and end are
        interpreted as in slice notation.
        """
        return 0

    def encode(self, encoding='utf-8', errors='strict'): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        encode(encoding='utf-8',errors='strict')
        以encoding指定编码格式编码，如果出错默认报一个ValueError，除非errors指定的是
        ignore或replace

        S.encode(encoding='utf-8', errors='strict') -> bytes

        Encode S using the codec registered for encoding. Default encoding
        is 'utf-8'. errors may be given to set a different error
        handling scheme. Default is 'strict' meaning that encoding errors raise
        a UnicodeEncodeError. Other possible values are 'ignore', 'replace' and
        'xmlcharrefreplace' as well as any other name registered with
        codecs.register_error that can handle UnicodeEncodeErrors.
        """
        return b""

    def endswith(self, suffix, start=None, end=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        S.endswith(suffix[, start[, end]]) -> bool

        Return True if S ends with the specified suffix, False otherwise.
        With optional start, test S beginning at that position.
        With optional end, stop comparing S at that position.
        suffix can also be a tuple of strings to try.
        """
        return False

    def expandtabs(self, tabsize=8): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        将字符串中包含的\t转换成tabsize个空格
        S.expandtabs(tabsize=8) -> str

        Return a copy of S where all tab characters are expanded using spaces.
        If tabsize is not given, a tab size of 8 characters is assumed.
        """
        return ""

    def find(self, sub, start=None, end=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        S.find(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int

        Return the lowest index in S where substring sub is found,
        such that sub is contained within S[start:end].  Optional
        arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.

        Return -1 on failure.
        """
        return 0

    def format(self, *args, **kwargs): # known special case of str.format
        """
        格式化输出
        三种形式：
        形式一.
        >>> print('{0}{1}{0}'.format('a','b'))
        aba

        形式二：（必须一一对应）
        >>> print('{}{}{}'.format('a','b'))
        Traceback (most recent call last):
          File "<input>", line 1, in <module>
        IndexError: tuple index out of range
        >>> print('{}{}'.format('a','b'))
        ab

        形式三：
        >>> print('{name} {age}'.format(age=12,name='lhf'))
        lhf 12

        S.format(*args, **kwargs) -> str

        Return a formatted version of S, using substitutions from args and kwargs.
        The substitutions are identified by braces ('{' and '}').
        """
        pass

    def format_map(self, mapping): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        与format区别
        '{name}'.format(**dict(name='alex'))
        '{name}'.format_map(dict(name='alex'))

        S.format_map(mapping) -> str

        Return a formatted version of S, using substitutions from mapping.
        The substitutions are identified by braces ('{' and '}').
        """
        return ""

    def index(self, sub, start=None, end=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        S.index(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int

        Like S.find() but raise ValueError when the substring is not found.
        """
        return 0

    def isalnum(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        至少一个字符，且都是字母或数字才返回True

        S.isalnum() -> bool

        Return True if all characters in S are alphanumeric
        and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise.
        """
        return False

    def isalpha(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        至少一个字符，且都是字母才返回True
        S.isalpha() -> bool

        Return True if all characters in S are alphabetic
        and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise.
        """
        return False

    def isdecimal(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        S.isdecimal() -> bool

        Return True if there are only decimal characters in S,
        False otherwise.
        """
        return False

    def isdigit(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        S.isdigit() -> bool

        Return True if all characters in S are digits
        and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise.
        """
        return False

    def isidentifier(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        字符串为关键字返回True

        S.isidentifier() -> bool

        Return True if S is a valid identifier according
        to the language definition.

        Use keyword.iskeyword() to test for reserved identifiers
        such as "def" and "class".
        """
        return False

    def islower(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        至少一个字符，且都是小写字母才返回True
        S.islower() -> bool

        Return True if all cased characters in S are lowercase and there is
        at least one cased character in S, False otherwise.
        """
        return False

    def isnumeric(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        S.isnumeric() -> bool

        Return True if there are only numeric characters in S,
        False otherwise.
        """
        return False

    def isprintable(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        S.isprintable() -> bool

        Return True if all characters in S are considered
        printable in repr() or S is empty, False otherwise.
        """
        return False

    def isspace(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        至少一个字符，且都是空格才返回True
        S.isspace() -> bool

        Return True if all characters in S are whitespace
        and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise.
        """
        return False

    def istitle(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        >>> a='Hello'
        >>> a.istitle()
        True
        >>> a='HellP'
        >>> a.istitle()
        False

        S.istitle() -> bool

        Return True if S is a titlecased string and there is at least one
        character in S, i.e. upper- and titlecase characters may only
        follow uncased characters and lowercase characters only cased ones.
        Return False otherwise.
        """
        return False

    def isupper(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        S.isupper() -> bool

        Return True if all cased characters in S are uppercase and there is
        at least one cased character in S, False otherwise.
        """
        return False

    def join(self, iterable): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        #对序列进行操作（分别使用' '与':'作为分隔符）
        >>> seq1 = ['hello','good','boy','doiido']
        >>> print ' '.join(seq1)
        hello good boy doiido
        >>> print ':'.join(seq1)
        hello:good:boy:doiido

        #对字符串进行操作

        >>> seq2 = "hello good boy doiido"
        >>> print ':'.join(seq2)
        h:e:l:l:o: :g:o:o:d: :b:o:y: :d:o:i:i:d:o

        #对元组进行操作

        >>> seq3 = ('hello','good','boy','doiido')
        >>> print ':'.join(seq3)
        hello:good:boy:doiido

        #对字典进行操作

        >>> seq4 = {'hello':1,'good':2,'boy':3,'doiido':4}
        >>> print ':'.join(seq4)
        boy:good:doiido:hello

        #合并目录

        >>> import os
        >>> os.path.join('/hello/','good/boy/','doiido')
        '/hello/good/boy/doiido'

        S.join(iterable) -> str

        Return a string which is the concatenation of the strings in the
        iterable.  The separator between elements is S.
        """
        return ""

    def ljust(self, width, fillchar=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        S.ljust(width[, fillchar]) -> str

        Return S left-justified in a Unicode string of length width. Padding is
        done using the specified fill character (default is a space).
        """
        return ""

    def lower(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        S.lower() -> str

        Return a copy of the string S converted to lowercase.
        """
        return ""

    def lstrip(self, chars=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        S.lstrip([chars]) -> str

        Return a copy of the string S with leading whitespace removed.
        If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead.
        """
        return ""

    def maketrans(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """
        Return a translation table usable for str.translate().

        If there is only one argument, it must be a dictionary mapping Unicode
        ordinals (integers) or characters to Unicode ordinals, strings or None.
        Character keys will be then converted to ordinals.
        If there are two arguments, they must be strings of equal length, and
        in the resulting dictionary, each character in x will be mapped to the
        character at the same position in y. If there is a third argument, it
        must be a string, whose characters will be mapped to None in the result.
        """
        pass

    def partition(self, sep): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        以sep为分割，将S分成head,sep,tail三部分

        S.partition(sep) -> (head, sep, tail)

        Search for the separator sep in S, and return the part before it,
        the separator itself, and the part after it.  If the separator is not
        found, return S and two empty strings.
        """
        pass

    def replace(self, old, new, count=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        S.replace(old, new[, count]) -> str

        Return a copy of S with all occurrences of substring
        old replaced by new.  If the optional argument count is
        given, only the first count occurrences are replaced.
        """
        return ""

    def rfind(self, sub, start=None, end=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        S.rfind(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int

        Return the highest index in S where substring sub is found,
        such that sub is contained within S[start:end].  Optional
        arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.

        Return -1 on failure.
        """
        return 0

    def rindex(self, sub, start=None, end=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        S.rindex(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int

        Like S.rfind() but raise ValueError when the substring is not found.
        """
        return 0

    def rjust(self, width, fillchar=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        S.rjust(width[, fillchar]) -> str

        Return S right-justified in a string of length width. Padding is
        done using the specified fill character (default is a space).
        """
        return ""

    def rpartition(self, sep): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        S.rpartition(sep) -> (head, sep, tail)

        Search for the separator sep in S, starting at the end of S, and return
        the part before it, the separator itself, and the part after it.  If the
        separator is not found, return two empty strings and S.
        """
        pass

    def rsplit(self, sep=None, maxsplit=-1): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        S.rsplit(sep=None, maxsplit=-1) -> list of strings

        Return a list of the words in S, using sep as the
        delimiter string, starting at the end of the string and
        working to the front.  If maxsplit is given, at most maxsplit
        splits are done. If sep is not specified, any whitespace string
        is a separator.
        """
        return []

    def rstrip(self, chars=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        S.rstrip([chars]) -> str

        Return a copy of the string S with trailing whitespace removed.
        If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead.
        """
        return ""

    def split(self, sep=None, maxsplit=-1): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        以sep为分割，将S切分成列表，与partition的区别在于切分结果不包含sep，
        如果一个字符串中包含多个sep那么maxsplit为最多切分成几部分
        >>> a='a,b c\nd\te'
        >>> a.split()
        ['a,b', 'c', 'd', 'e']
        S.split(sep=None, maxsplit=-1) -> list of strings

        Return a list of the words in S, using sep as the
        delimiter string.  If maxsplit is given, at most maxsplit
        splits are done. If sep is not specified or is None, any
        whitespace string is a separator and empty strings are
        removed from the result.
        """
        return []

    def splitlines(self, keepends=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        Python splitlines() 按照行('\r', '\r\n', \n')分隔，
        返回一个包含各行作为元素的列表，如果参数 keepends 为 False，不包含换行符，如        果为 True，则保留换行符。
        >>> x
        'adsfasdf\nsadf\nasdf\nadf'
        >>> x.splitlines()
        ['adsfasdf', 'sadf', 'asdf', 'adf']
        >>> x.splitlines(True)
        ['adsfasdf\n', 'sadf\n', 'asdf\n', 'adf']

        S.splitlines([keepends]) -> list of strings

        Return a list of the lines in S, breaking at line boundaries.
        Line breaks are not included in the resulting list unless keepends
        is given and true.
        """
        return []

    def startswith(self, prefix, start=None, end=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        S.startswith(prefix[, start[, end]]) -> bool

        Return True if S starts with the specified prefix, False otherwise.
        With optional start, test S beginning at that position.
        With optional end, stop comparing S at that position.
        prefix can also be a tuple of strings to try.
        """
        return False

    def strip(self, chars=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        S.strip([chars]) -> str

        Return a copy of the string S with leading and trailing
        whitespace removed.
        If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead.
        """
        return ""

    def swapcase(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        大小写反转
        S.swapcase() -> str

        Return a copy of S with uppercase characters converted to lowercase
        and vice versa.
        """
        return ""

    def title(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        S.title() -> str

        Return a titlecased version of S, i.e. words start with title case
        characters, all remaining cased characters have lower case.
        """
        return ""

    def translate(self, table): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        table=str.maketrans('alex','big SB')

        a='hello abc'
        print(a.translate(table))

        S.translate(table) -> str

        Return a copy of the string S in which each character has been mapped
        through the given translation table. The table must implement
        lookup/indexing via __getitem__, for instance a dictionary or list,
        mapping Unicode ordinals to Unicode ordinals, strings, or None. If
        this operation raises LookupError, the character is left untouched.
        Characters mapped to None are deleted.
        """
        return ""

    def upper(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        S.upper() -> str

        Return a copy of S converted to uppercase.
        """
        return ""

    def zfill(self, width): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        原来字符右对齐，不够用0补齐

        S.zfill(width) -> str

        Pad a numeric string S with zeros on the left, to fill a field
        of the specified width. The string S is never truncated.
        """
        return ""

    def __add__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self+value. """
        pass

    def __contains__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return key in self. """
        pass

    def __eq__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self==value. """
        pass

    def __format__(self, format_spec): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        S.__format__(format_spec) -> str

        Return a formatted version of S as described by format_spec.
        """
        return ""

    def __getattribute__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return getattr(self, name). """
        pass

    def __getitem__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self[key]. """
        pass

    def __getnewargs__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        pass

    def __ge__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self>=value. """
        pass

    def __gt__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self>value. """
        pass

    def __hash__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return hash(self). """
        pass

    def __init__(self, value='', encoding=None, errors='strict'): # known special case of str.__init__
        """
        str(object='') -> str
        str(bytes_or_buffer[, encoding[, errors]]) -> str

        Create a new string object from the given object. If encoding or
        errors is specified, then the object must expose a data buffer
        that will be decoded using the given encoding and error handler.
        Otherwise, returns the result of object.__str__() (if defined)
        or repr(object).
        encoding defaults to sys.getdefaultencoding().
        errors defaults to 'strict'.
        # (copied from class doc)
        """
        pass

    def __iter__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Implement iter(self). """
        pass

    def __len__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return len(self). """
        pass

    def __le__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self<=value. """
        pass

    def __lt__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self<value. """
        pass

    def __mod__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self%value. """
        pass

    def __mul__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self*value.n """
        pass

    @staticmethod # known case of __new__
    def __new__(*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature. """
        pass

    def __ne__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self!=value. """
        pass

    def __repr__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return repr(self). """
        pass

    def __rmod__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return value%self. """
        pass

    def __rmul__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self*value. """
        pass

    def __sizeof__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ S.__sizeof__() -> size of S in memory, in bytes """
        pass

    def __str__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return str(self). """
        pass

三：列表

定义：内以逗号分隔，按照索引，存放各种数据类型，每个位置代表一个元素

特性：

1.可存放多个值
2.可修改指定索引位置对应的值，可变
3.按照从左到右的顺序定义列表元素，下标从0开始顺序访问，有序

1：列表的创建

name_list=['zzl','cyy','zl','cy']
或
name_list=list('zzl')
或
name=list([’zzl','cyy'])

2：列表的常用方法

name_list=['zzl','cyy','zl','cy']
#列表的索引操作
print(name_list[-1])
print(name_list[0:2])
print(name_list[::-1])
#列表的内置方法
#append增加到末尾
name_list=['zzl','cyy','zl','cy']
name_list.append('yy')
print(name_list)
#insert插入到指定位置
name_list=['zzl','cyy','zl','cy']
name_list.insert(0,'ylqh')
print(name_list)
#pop删除name_list.pop()#默认从右边删除
name_list.pop(2)#指定删除第二个
print(name_list)
#清空列表
name_list=['zzl','cyy','zl','cy']
name_list.clear()
print(name_list)

#复制一份copy
name_list=['zzl','cyy','zl','cy']
i=name_list.copy()
print(i)

#计数
name_list=['zzl','cyy','zl','yy','cy','yy']
print(name_list.count('yy'))#yy出现了几次

#两个列表合并
name_list=['zzl','cyy','zl','cy']
nlist=['ylqi','lift']
name_list.extend(nlist)
print(name_list)
#单独加入列表
every_lis='xxx'
name_list.extend(every_lis)
print(name_list)
#remove移除
name_list=['zzl','cyy','zl','cy']
name_list.remove('zl')#按照元素名移除，有多个重复的元素值时，移除第一个
print(name_list)

#reverse反序排列
name_list=['zzl','cyy','zl','cy']
name_list.reverse()#反序
print(name_list)
#sort排列
name_list=['d','c','A','1','@','*']
name_list.sort()#按照字符编码表排列
print(name_list)
#统计列表有几个元素或说成列表的长度
name_list=['zzl','cyy','zl','cy']
print(len(name_list))#统计长度

#判断是否在列表里面
# name_list=['zzl','cyy','zl','cy']
print ('zl' in name_list)
print ('l' in name_list)

3：列表工厂函数

class list(object):
    """
    list() -> new empty list
    list(iterable) -> new list initialized from iterable's items
    """
    def append(self, p_object): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ L.append(object) -> None -- append object to end """
        pass

    def clear(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ L.clear() -> None -- remove all items from L """
        pass

    def copy(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ L.copy() -> list -- a shallow copy of L """
        return []

    def count(self, value): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ L.count(value) -> integer -- return number of occurrences of value """
        return 0

    def extend(self, iterable): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ L.extend(iterable) -> None -- extend list by appending elements from the iterable """
        pass

    def index(self, value, start=None, stop=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        L.index(value, [start, [stop]]) -> integer -- return first index of value.
        Raises ValueError if the value is not present.
        """
        return 0

    def insert(self, index, p_object): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ L.insert(index, object) -- insert object before index """
        pass

    def pop(self, index=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        L.pop([index]) -> item -- remove and return item at index (default last).
        Raises IndexError if list is empty or index is out of range.
        """
        pass

    def remove(self, value): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        L.remove(value) -> None -- remove first occurrence of value.
        Raises ValueError if the value is not present.
        """
        pass

    def reverse(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ L.reverse() -- reverse *IN PLACE* """
        pass

    def sort(self, key=None, reverse=False): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ L.sort(key=None, reverse=False) -> None -- stable sort *IN PLACE* """
        pass

    def __add__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self+value. """
        pass

    def __contains__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return key in self. """
        pass

    def __delitem__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Delete self[key]. """
        pass

    def __eq__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self==value. """
        pass

    def __getattribute__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return getattr(self, name). """
        pass

    def __getitem__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__getitem__(y) <==> x[y] """
        pass

    def __ge__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self>=value. """
        pass

    def __gt__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self>value. """
        pass

    def __iadd__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Implement self+=value. """
        pass

    def __imul__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Implement self*=value. """
        pass

    def __init__(self, seq=()): # known special case of list.__init__
        """
        list() -> new empty list
        list(iterable) -> new list initialized from iterable's items
        # (copied from class doc)
        """
        pass

    def __iter__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Implement iter(self). """
        pass

    def __len__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return len(self). """
        pass

    def __le__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self<=value. """
        pass

    def __lt__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self<value. """
        pass

    def __mul__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self*value.n """
        pass

    @staticmethod # known case of __new__
    def __new__(*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature. """
        pass

    def __ne__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self!=value. """
        pass

    def __repr__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return repr(self). """
        pass

    def __reversed__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ L.__reversed__() -- return a reverse iterator over the list """
        pass

    def __rmul__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self*value. """
        pass

    def __setitem__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Set self[key] to value. """
        pass

    def __sizeof__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ L.__sizeof__() -- size of L in memory, in bytes """
        pass

    __hash__ = None

四：元组

定义：与列表差不多，只不过［］改成（），同时也叫作只读列表

特性：

1.可以存多个值
2.不可变
3.按照从左到右的顺序定义元组元素，下标从0开始顺序访问，有序

1：元组的创建

msg = (1,2,3,4,5)
#或者
msg = tuple((1,2,3,4,5,6))

2：元组的常用方法

t=('zzl','cyy',123)
print(t.count('cyy'))#统计cyy的次数
print(t.index('cyy'))#统计cyy的索引，没有则报错
print(len(t))#统计元组的长度
print('cyy' in t) #包含，t是否包含cyy

3：元组的工厂函数

lass tuple(object):
    """
    tuple() -> empty tuple
    tuple(iterable) -> tuple initialized from iterable's items

    If the argument is a tuple, the return value is the same object.
    """
    def count(self, value): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ T.count(value) -> integer -- return number of occurrences of value """
        return 0

    def index(self, value, start=None, stop=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        T.index(value, [start, [stop]]) -> integer -- return first index of value.
        Raises ValueError if the value is not present.
        """
        return 0

    def __add__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__add__(y) <==> x+y """
        pass

    def __contains__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__contains__(y) <==> y in x """
        pass

    def __eq__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__eq__(y) <==> x==y """
        pass

    def __getattribute__(self, name): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name """
        pass

    def __getitem__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__getitem__(y) <==> x[y] """
        pass

    def __getnewargs__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        pass

    def __getslice__(self, i, j): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        x.__getslice__(i, j) <==> x[i:j]

                   Use of negative indices is not supported.
        """
        pass

    def __ge__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__ge__(y) <==> x>=y """
        pass

    def __gt__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__gt__(y) <==> x>y """
        pass

    def __hash__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__hash__() <==> hash(x) """
        pass

    def __init__(self, seq=()): # known special case of tuple.__init__
        """
        tuple() -> empty tuple
        tuple(iterable) -> tuple initialized from iterable's items

        If the argument is a tuple, the return value is the same object.
        # (copied from class doc)
        """
        pass

    def __iter__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__iter__() <==> iter(x) """
        pass

    def __len__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__len__() <==> len(x) """
        pass

    def __le__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__le__(y) <==> x<=y """
        pass

    def __lt__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__lt__(y) <==> x<y """
        pass

    def __mul__(self, n): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__mul__(n) <==> x*n """
        pass

    @staticmethod # known case of __new__
    def __new__(S, *more): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T """
        pass

    def __ne__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__ne__(y) <==> x!=y """
        pass

    def __repr__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__repr__() <==> repr(x) """
        pass

    def __rmul__(self, n): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__rmul__(n) <==> n*x """
        pass

    def __sizeof__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ T.__sizeof__() -- size of T in memory, in bytes """
        pass

4：元组的不可变行eg

t = ('zzl', 'cyy', ['ZZL', 'CYY'])
print(t)
t[2][0] = 'L'
t[2][1] = 'Y'
print(t)

输出信息：
('zzl', 'cyy', ['ZZL', 'CYY'])
('zzl', 'cyy', ['L', 'Y'])

#这个tuple定义的时候有三个元素，为zzl，cyy还有一个列表，说好的元组不可变，怎么发生变化了呢？
#下面分析一下哦

表面上看，tuple的元素确实变了，但其实变的不是tuple的元素，而是list的元素。tuple一开始指向的list并没有改成别的list，所以，tuple所谓的不变是说，tuple的每个元素，指向永远不变。即指向'zzl'，就不能改成指向'cyy'，指向一个list，就不能改成指向其他对象，但指向的这个list本身是可变的！
理解了“指向不变”后，要创建一个内容也不变的tuple怎么做？

那就必须保证tuple的每一个元素本身也不能变。

五：字典

定义：｛key:value｝,key-value 形式，key必须可hash

特性：

1.可存放多个值

2.可修改指定key对应的值，可变

3.无序

4.可变类型不能当做字典的key，value可以是任何数据类型

5.key不能重复

1：字典的创建

dic={'name1':'zzl','name2':'cyy'}
或者
dic1={(1,2,3):'aa'} #元组可以当做key
或者
dic2 = dict(name='zzl', age=18)
或者
dic3 = dict({"name": "zzl", 'age': 20})
或者
dic4 = dict((['name','zzl'],['age',16]))

输出结果：
{'name1': 'zzl', 'name2': 'cyy'}
{(1, 2, 3): 'aa'}
{'name': 'zzl', 'age': 18}
{'name': 'zzl', 'age': 20}
{'name': 'zzl', 'age': 16}

2：字典的常用方法

取值：
info={'msg1':'zzl','msg2':'cyy','msg3':'zl','msg4':'yy'}
print('msg1' in info) #标准用法,存在返回True，不存在返回False
print(info.get('msg2'))  #获取
print(info['msg2']) #获取的到的时候，取值
print(list(info.keys()))#获取所有的key值
print(list(info.values()))#获取所有的value值
print(list(info.items()))#获取所有的数值
print(info['msg8'])#一旦获取不到，则报错

输出结果：
True
cyy
cyy
['msg1', 'msg2', 'msg3', 'msg4']
['zzl', 'cyy', 'zl', 'yy']
[('msg1', 'zzl'), ('msg2', 'cyy'), ('msg3', 'zl'), ('msg4', 'yy')]
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "G:/迎领启航/python_code/week2/day2/dic.py", line 13, in <module>
    print(info['msg8'])#一旦获取不到，则报错
KeyError: 'msg8'

#增加
info={'msg1':'zzl','msg2':'cyy'}
print(info)
info['msg3'] = 'zl'#增加
print(info) 

结果：
{'msg1': 'zzl', 'msg2': 'cyy'}
{'msg1': 'zzl', 'msg2': 'cyy', 'msg3': 'zl'} 

#修改：
info={'msg1':'zzl','msg2':'cyy'}
print(info)
info['msg2'] = 'yy' #修改
print(info) 

结果：
{'msg1': 'zzl', 'msg2': 'cyy'}
{'msg1': 'zzl', 'msg2': 'yy'}

一下五个都为删除用法：
info={'msg1':'zzl','msg2':'cyy','msg3':'zl','msg4':'yy'}
print(info)
info.pop('msg3')
print(info)
del info['msg2']
print(info)
info.popitem()# 随机删除一个
print(info)

info.clear() #整个列表清空
print(info)

del info #删除整个字典

结果：
{'msg1': 'zzl', 'msg2': 'cyy', 'msg3': 'zl', 'msg4': 'yy'}
{'msg1': 'zzl', 'msg2': 'cyy', 'msg4': 'yy'}
{'msg1': 'zzl', 'msg4': 'yy'}
{'msg1': 'zzl'}
{}

3.字典的其他操作：

多级字典嵌套：

dict_name = {
    "msg1":{
        "name1": ["张","occupy"],
        "name2": ["成","my baby"],
    },
    "msg2":{
        "name3":["迎","my dear"]
    },
    "msg3":{
        "name4":["胜","success"]
    }
}

dict_name["msg2"]["name3"][1] += ",亲爱的"
print(dict_name["msg2"]["name3"])

输出结果：
['迎', 'my dear,亲爱的']

其他用法汇总：

dic=dict.fromkeys(['host1','host2','host3'],['test1','test2'])
print(dic)
#{'host1': ['test1', 'test2'], 'host2': ['test1', 'test2'], 'host3': ['test1', 'test2']}

dic['host2'][1]='test3'
print(dic)
#{'host1': ['test1', 'test3'], 'host2': ['test1', 'test3'], 'host3': ['test1', 'test3']}

info={'name1':'zzl','name2':'cyy','name3':'yy'}
print(info)
#取出所有的key：
print(info.keys())
#取出所有的value：
print(info.values())

结果：
{'name1': 'zzl', 'name2': 'cyy', 'name3': 'yy'}
dict_keys(['name1', 'name2', 'name3'])
dict_values(['zzl', 'cyy', 'yy'])　

#update
info1={'name1':'zzl','name2':'cyy'}
print(info1)
info2={'name1':'zl','name3':'yy'}
print(info2)
info1.update(info2)
print(info1)

结果：
#把info1有的覆盖，没有的追加
{'name1': 'zzl', 'name2': 'cyy'}
{'name1': 'zl', 'name3': 'yy'}
{'name1': 'zl', 'name2': 'cyy', 'name3': 'yy'}

#setdefault
info={'name1':'zzl','name2':'cyy','name3':'yy'}
info.setdefault('name4','zl')#info[name4]='zl'
print(info)
info.setdefault('name1','occupy') #注意看了，name1没有发生变化哦
print(info)
info.setdefault('hobby',[]).append('study')
info.setdefault('hobby',[]).append('play')
print(info)

结果：
{'name1': 'zzl', 'name2': 'cyy', 'name3': 'yy', 'name4': 'zl'}
{'name1': 'zzl', 'name2': 'cyy', 'name3': 'yy', 'name4': 'zl'}
{'name1': 'zzl', 'name2': 'cyy', 'name3': 'yy', 'name4': 'zl', 'hobby': ['study', 'play']}

4：字典的工厂函数

class dict(object):
    """
    dict() -> new empty dictionary
    dict(mapping) -> new dictionary initialized from a mapping object's
        (key, value) pairs
    dict(iterable) -> new dictionary initialized as if via:
        d = {}
        for k, v in iterable:
            d[k] = v
    dict(**kwargs) -> new dictionary initialized with the name=value pairs
        in the keyword argument list.  For example:  dict(one=1, two=2)
    """

    def clear(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ 清除内容 """
        """ D.clear() -> None.  Remove all items from D. """
        pass

    def copy(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ 浅拷贝 """
        """ D.copy() -> a shallow copy of D """
        pass

    @staticmethod # known case
    def fromkeys(S, v=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        dict.fromkeys(S[,v]) -> New dict with keys from S and values equal to v.
        v defaults to None.
        """
        pass

    def get(self, k, d=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ 根据key获取值，d是默认值 """
        """ D.get(k[,d]) -> D[k] if k in D, else d.  d defaults to None. """
        pass

    def has_key(self, k): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ 是否有key """
        """ D.has_key(k) -> True if D has a key k, else False """
        return False

    def items(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ 所有项的列表形式 """
        """ D.items() -> list of D's (key, value) pairs, as 2-tuples """
        return []

    def iteritems(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ 项可迭代 """
        """ D.iteritems() -> an iterator over the (key, value) items of D """
        pass

    def iterkeys(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ key可迭代 """
        """ D.iterkeys() -> an iterator over the keys of D """
        pass

    def itervalues(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ value可迭代 """
        """ D.itervalues() -> an iterator over the values of D """
        pass

    def keys(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ 所有的key列表 """
        """ D.keys() -> list of D's keys """
        return []

    def pop(self, k, d=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ 获取并在字典中移除 """
        """
        D.pop(k[,d]) -> v, remove specified key and return the corresponding value.
        If key is not found, d is returned if given, otherwise KeyError is raised
        """
        pass

    def popitem(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ 获取并在字典中移除 """
        """
        D.popitem() -> (k, v), remove and return some (key, value) pair as a
        2-tuple; but raise KeyError if D is empty.
        """
        pass

    def setdefault(self, k, d=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ 如果key不存在，则创建，如果存在，则返回已存在的值且不修改 """
        """ D.setdefault(k[,d]) -> D.get(k,d), also set D[k]=d if k not in D """
        pass

    def update(self, E=None, **F): # known special case of dict.update
        """ 更新
            {'name':'alex', 'age': 18000}
            [('name','sbsbsb'),]
        """
        """
        D.update([E, ]**F) -> None.  Update D from dict/iterable E and F.
        If E present and has a .keys() method, does:     for k in E: D[k] = E[k]
        If E present and lacks .keys() method, does:     for (k, v) in E: D[k] = v
        In either case, this is followed by: for k in F: D[k] = F[k]
        """
        pass

    def values(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ 所有的值 """
        """ D.values() -> list of D's values """
        return []

    def viewitems(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ 所有项，只是将内容保存至view对象中 """
        """ D.viewitems() -> a set-like object providing a view on D's items """
        pass

    def viewkeys(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ D.viewkeys() -> a set-like object providing a view on D's keys """
        pass

    def viewvalues(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ D.viewvalues() -> an object providing a view on D's values """
        pass

    def __cmp__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__cmp__(y) <==> cmp(x,y) """
        pass

    def __contains__(self, k): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ D.__contains__(k) -> True if D has a key k, else False """
        return False

    def __delitem__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__delitem__(y) <==> del x[y] """
        pass

    def __eq__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__eq__(y) <==> x==y """
        pass

    def __getattribute__(self, name): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name """
        pass

    def __getitem__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__getitem__(y) <==> x[y] """
        pass

    def __ge__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__ge__(y) <==> x>=y """
        pass

    def __gt__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__gt__(y) <==> x>y """
        pass

    def __init__(self, seq=None, **kwargs): # known special case of dict.__init__
        """
        dict() -> new empty dictionary
        dict(mapping) -> new dictionary initialized from a mapping object's
            (key, value) pairs
        dict(iterable) -> new dictionary initialized as if via:
            d = {}
            for k, v in iterable:
                d[k] = v
        dict(**kwargs) -> new dictionary initialized with the name=value pairs
            in the keyword argument list.  For example:  dict(one=1, two=2)
        # (copied from class doc)
        """
        pass

    def __iter__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__iter__() <==> iter(x) """
        pass

    def __len__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__len__() <==> len(x) """
        pass

    def __le__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__le__(y) <==> x<=y """
        pass

    def __lt__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__lt__(y) <==> x<y """
        pass

    @staticmethod # known case of __new__
    def __new__(S, *more): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T """
        pass

    def __ne__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__ne__(y) <==> x!=y """
        pass

    def __repr__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__repr__() <==> repr(x) """
        pass

    def __setitem__(self, i, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__setitem__(i, y) <==> x[i]=y """
        pass

    def __sizeof__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ D.__sizeof__() -> size of D in memory, in bytes """
        pass

    __hash__ = None

六：集合

定义：由不同元素组成的集合，集合中是一组无序排列的可hash值，可以作为字典的key

集合是一个无序的，不重复的数据组合，它的主要作用如下：

特性：

无序的，不重复的数据组合

去重，把一个列表变成集合，就自动去重了

关系测试，测试两组数据之前的交集、差集、并集等关系

1：集合的创建

msg = set([1,2,3])#创建一个数值的集合
print(msg)
或者
msg = set("hello")#创建一个唯一字符的集合
print(msg)

输出结果：
{1, 2, 3}
{'h', 'e', 'o', 'l'}

2：集合的常用操作

msg = set([1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3])#重复的元素自动过滤掉
print(msg)

结果：
{1, 2, 3}

msg.add(8) #可以添加元素到set中，可以重复添加，但是没有任何效果哦
print(msg)

结果：
{8, 1, 2, 3}

msg.remove(1)#删除set中的元素
print(msg)

结果：
{8, 2, 3}

msg.update([5,8,6])#在set中添加多项
print(msg)

结果：
{2, 3, 5, 6, 8}

print(len(msg))#set的长度
结果：
5

set关系运算

msg1 = set([2, 3, 5, 6, 8])
msg2 = set([1,3,5])
print(1 in msg1) #测试1是否是msg1的成员,是则返回True,否则返回False

输出结果：
False

print(1 not in msg1) #测试1是否不是msg1的成员，是则返回False，不是返回True

输出结果：
True

#测试是否msg2中的每一个元素都在msg1中
print(msg2.issubset(msg1))
print(msg2 <= msg1)

输出结果：
False
False

#测试msg1中的每个元素都在msg2中
print(msg2.issuperset(msg1))
print(msg2 >= msg1)

输出结果：
False
False

#返回一个新的set包含msg1和msg2的每一个元素
print(msg2.union(msg1))
print(msg2 | msg1)

输出结果：
{1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 8}
{1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 8}

#返回一个新的set包含msg1与msg2的公共元素
print(msg2.intersection(msg1))
print(msg1 & msg2)

输出结果：
{3, 5}
{3, 5}

#返回一个新的set包含msg2中有但是msg1中没有的元素
print(msg2.difference(msg1))
print(msg2 - msg1)

输出结果：
{1}
{1}

#返回一个新的set包含msg2和msg1中不重复的元素
print(msg2.symmetric_difference(msg1))
print(msg2 ^ msg1)

输出结果：
{1, 2, 6, 8}
{1, 2, 6, 8}

#返回set “msg1”的一个浅的复制
print(msg1.copy())

输出结果：
{8, 2, 3, 5, 6}

set做交集、并集等操作

msg1 = set([1,3,5])
msg2 = set([1,2,3])

print(msg1 & msg2) #msg1与msg2的交集
print(msg1| msg2 ) #msg1与msg2的并集
print(msg1 - msg2) #求差集（元素在msg1中，但不在msg2中）
print(msg1 ^ msg2) #对称差集（元素在msg1或msg2中，但不会同时出现在二者中）

输出结果：

{1, 3}
{1, 2, 3, 5}
{5}
{2, 5}

3：集合工厂

class set(object):
    """
    set() -> new empty set object
    set(iterable) -> new set object

    Build an unordered collection of unique elements.
    """
    def add(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """
        Add an element to a set.

        This has no effect if the element is already present.
        """
        pass

    def clear(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Remove all elements from this set. """
        pass

    def copy(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return a shallow copy of a set. """
        pass

    def difference(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """
        相当于s1-s2

        Return the difference of two or more sets as a new set.

        (i.e. all elements that are in this set but not the others.)
        """
        pass

    def difference_update(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Remove all elements of another set from this set. """
        pass

    def discard(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """
        与remove功能相同，删除元素不存在时不会抛出异常

        Remove an element from a set if it is a member.

        If the element is not a member, do nothing.
        """
        pass

    def intersection(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """
        相当于s1&s2

        Return the intersection of two sets as a new set.

        (i.e. all elements that are in both sets.)
        """
        pass

    def intersection_update(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Update a set with the intersection of itself and another. """
        pass

    def isdisjoint(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return True if two sets have a null intersection. """
        pass

    def issubset(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """
        相当于s1<=s2

        Report whether another set contains this set. """
        pass

    def issuperset(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """
        相当于s1>=s2

         Report whether this set contains another set. """
        pass

    def pop(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """
        Remove and return an arbitrary set element.
        Raises KeyError if the set is empty.
        """
        pass

    def remove(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """
        Remove an element from a set; it must be a member.

        If the element is not a member, raise a KeyError.
        """
        pass

    def symmetric_difference(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """
        相当于s1^s2

        Return the symmetric difference of two sets as a new set.

        (i.e. all elements that are in exactly one of the sets.)
        """
        pass

    def symmetric_difference_update(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Update a set with the symmetric difference of itself and another. """
        pass

    def union(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """
        相当于s1|s2

        Return the union of sets as a new set.

        (i.e. all elements that are in either set.)
        """
        pass

    def update(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Update a set with the union of itself and others. """
        pass

    def __and__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self&value. """
        pass

    def __contains__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__contains__(y) <==> y in x. """
        pass

    def __eq__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self==value. """
        pass

    def __getattribute__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return getattr(self, name). """
        pass

    def __ge__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self>=value. """
        pass

    def __gt__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self>value. """
        pass

    def __iand__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self&=value. """
        pass

    def __init__(self, seq=()): # known special case of set.__init__
        """
        set() -> new empty set object
        set(iterable) -> new set object

        Build an unordered collection of unique elements.
        # (copied from class doc)
        """
        pass

    def __ior__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self|=value. """
        pass

    def __isub__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self-=value. """
        pass

    def __iter__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Implement iter(self). """
        pass

    def __ixor__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self^=value. """
        pass

    def __len__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return len(self). """
        pass

    def __le__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self<=value. """
        pass

    def __lt__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self<value. """
        pass

    @staticmethod # known case of __new__
    def __new__(*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature. """
        pass

    def __ne__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self!=value. """
        pass

    def __or__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self|value. """
        pass

    def __rand__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return value&self. """
        pass

    def __reduce__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return state information for pickling. """
        pass

    def __repr__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return repr(self). """
        pass

    def __ror__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return value|self. """
        pass

    def __rsub__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return value-self. """
        pass

    def __rxor__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return value^self. """
        pass

    def __sizeof__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ S.__sizeof__() -> size of S in memory, in bytes """
        pass

    def __sub__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self-value. """
        pass

    def __xor__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self^value. """
        pass

    __hash__ = None

七：总结

1.按存值个数区分

标量／原子类型	数字，字符串
容器类型	列表，元组，字典

2.按可变不可变区分

可变	列表，字典
不可变	数字，字符串，元组

证明：可变/不可变

更改数据类型其中的元素，如果内存地址发生变化，则为不可变类型，如果内存地址没有发生变化，则为可变类型。

详情参考：http://www.cnblogs.com/ylqh/p/6388330.html 的内存管理

3.按访问顺序区分

直接访问	数字
顺序访问（序列类型）	字符串，列表，元组
key值访问（映射类型）	字典

补充：字典占用的内存空间比列表大，（因为要在内存空间保存一端时间的hash表）但是字典查询速度比列表快，联想到非关系型数据库比关系型数据查询要快。

循环区别：

字符串循环:

#字符串循环：
方法1：
msg='love'
for i in msg:
    print(i)

结果：
l
o
v
e

方法2：
for i in enumerate(msg):
    print(i)

结果：
(0, 'l')
(1, 'o')
(2, 'v')
(3, 'e')

方法3：倒叙循环
for i in msg[::-1]:
    print(i)

列表循环：

lis=['zzl','cyy','yy']
for i in lis:
    print(i)

for i in enumerate(lis):
    print(i)

结果:
zzl
cyy
yy
(0, 'zzl')
(1, 'cyy')
(2, 'yy')

元组循环：

tup=('x','y','z')
for i in tup:
    print(i)

for i in enumerate(tup):
    print(i)

结果：
x
y
z
(0, 'x')
(1, 'y')
(2, 'z')

字典循环：

#字典循环
info={'msg1':'zzl','msg2':'cyy','msg3':'zl','msg4':'yy'}
#方法1
for key in info:
    print(key,info[key])

结果
msg1 zzl
msg2 cyy
msg3 zl
msg4 yy

#方法2
for k,v in info.items(): #会先把dict转成list,数据大时最好不要用
    print(k,v)

结果：
msg1 zzl
msg2 cyy
msg3 zl
msg4 yy

info={'name1':'zzl','name2':'cyy','name3':'yy'}
方法3：
info={'name1':'zzl','name2':'cyy','name3':'yy'}
for i in enumerate(info):
    print(i)

结果：
(0, 'name1')
(1, 'name2')
(2, 'name3')

方法4：
for i in info.keys():
    print(i,info[i])

结果：
name1 zzl
name2 cyy
name3 yy

方法5：
for v in info.values():
    print(v)

结果：
zzl
cyy
yy

数据类型转换内置函数汇总：

字符串、列表、字典、元组之间的相互转换：

字符串转为其他类型：

#字符串转换为元组
msg='cyy'
print(tuple(msg),type(tuple(msg)))

结果：
('c', 'y', 'y') <class 'tuple'>

#字符串转换为列表
print(list(msg),type(list(msg)))

结果：
['c', 'y', 'y'] <class 'list'>

#字符串转换为字典
msg='{"name":"cyy","age":18}'
print(type(msg))
print(eval(msg),type(eval(msg)))

结果：
<class 'str'>
{'name': 'cyy', 'age': 18} <class 'dict'>

列表转为其他类型：

列表不可以转为字典

nums=[1,3,5,7,8,0]

#列表转为字符串：
print(str(nums),type(str(nums)))

结果：
[1, 3, 5, 7, 8, 0] <class 'str'>

#列表转为元组：
print(tuple(nums),type(tuple(nums)))
结果：
(1, 3, 5, 7, 8, 0) <class 'tuple'>

元组转为其他类型：

元组不可以转为字典

tup=(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)

#元组转为字符串
print(tup.__str__(),type(tup.__str__()))

结果：
(1, 2, 3, 4, 5) <class 'str'>

#元组转为列表
print(list(tup),type(list(tup)))

结果：
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5] <class 'list'>

字典转为其他类型：

dic = {'name': 'Zara', 'age': 7, 'class': 'First'}

#字典转为字符串
print(str(dic),type(str(dic)))

结果：
{'age': 7, 'name': 'Zara', 'class': 'First'} <class 'str'>

#字典可以转为元组
print(tuple(dic),type(tuple(dic)))
#字典可以转为元组
print(tuple(dic.values()),type(tuple(dic.values())))

结果：
('age', 'name', 'class') <class 'tuple'>
(7, 'Zara', 'First') <class 'tuple'>

#字典转为列表
print(list(dic),type(list(dic)))
#字典转为列表
print(list(dic.values()),type(list(dic.values())))

结果：
['age', 'name', 'class'] <class 'list'>
[7, 'Zara', 'First'] <class 'list'>

msg='My name is {name}, age : {age} '
print(msg.format(name='zzl',age=))
print(msg.format_map({'name':'zzl','age':}))