这片文章将讨论下面内容：
1.什么是middleware
2.什么时候使用middleware
3.我们写middleware必须要记住的东西
4.写一些middlewares来理解中间件的工作过程和要点
什么是middleware
Middleware是修改django request 或者 response对象的钩子，下面是django文档中的一段描述
Middleware is a framework of hooks into Django’s request/response processing. It’s a light, low-level “plugin” system for globally altering Django’s input or output.
什么时候使用middleware
如果你想修改请求，例如被传送到view中的HttpResquest对象。或者你想修改view返回的HttpResponse对象，这些都可以通过中间件来实现。
可能你还想在view执行之前做一些操作，这种情况就可以用middleware来实现。
django提供了一些默认的moddleware，例如：
AuthenticationMiddleware
大家可能频繁在view使用request.user吧。django想在每个view执行之前把user设置为request的属性，于是就用了一个中间件来实现这个目标。所以django提供了可以修改request对象的中间件部分：AuthenticationMiddleware
from django.conf import settings
from django.contrib import auth
from django.contrib.auth import load_backend
from django.contrib.auth.backends import RemoteUserBackend
from django.core.exceptions import ImproperlyConfigured
from django.utils.deprecation import MiddlewareMixin
from django.utils.functional import SimpleLazyObject def get_user(request):
if not hasattr(request, '_cached_user'):
request._cached_user = auth.get_user(request)
return request._cached_user class AuthenticationMiddleware(MiddlewareMixin):
def process_request(self, request):
assert hasattr(request, 'session'), (
"The Django authentication middleware requires session middleware "
"to be installed. Edit your MIDDLEWARE%s setting to insert "
"'django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware' before "
"'django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware'."
) % ("_CLASSES" if settings.MIDDLEWARE is None else "")
request.user = SimpleLazyObject(lambda: get_user(request)) class RemoteUserMiddleware(MiddlewareMixin):
"""
Middleware for utilizing Web-server-provided authentication.
If request.user is not authenticated, then this middleware attempts to
authenticate the username passed in the ``REMOTE_USER`` request header.
If authentication is successful, the user is automatically logged in to
persist the user in the session.
The header used is configurable and defaults to ``REMOTE_USER``. Subclass
this class and change the ``header`` attribute if you need to use a
different header.
""" # Name of request header to grab username from. This will be the key as
# used in the request.META dictionary, i.e. the normalization of headers to
# all uppercase and the addition of "HTTP_" prefix apply.
header = "REMOTE_USER"
force_logout_if_no_header = True def process_request(self, request):
# AuthenticationMiddleware is required so that request.user exists.
if not hasattr(request, 'user'):
raise ImproperlyConfigured(
"The Django remote user auth middleware requires the"
" authentication middleware to be installed. Edit your"
" MIDDLEWARE setting to insert"
" 'django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware'"
" before the RemoteUserMiddleware class.")
try:
username = request.META[self.header]
except KeyError:
# If specified header doesn't exist then remove any existing
# authenticated remote-user, or return (leaving request.user set to
# AnonymousUser by the AuthenticationMiddleware).
if self.force_logout_if_no_header and request.user.is_authenticated:
self._remove_invalid_user(request)
return
# If the user is already authenticated and that user is the user we are
# getting passed in the headers, then the correct user is already
# persisted in the session and we don't need to continue.
if request.user.is_authenticated:
if request.user.get_username() == self.clean_username(username, request):
return
else:
# An authenticated user is associated with the request, but
# it does not match the authorized user in the header.
self._remove_invalid_user(request) # We are seeing this user for the first time in this session, attempt
# to authenticate the user.
user = auth.authenticate(request, remote_user=username)
if user:
# User is valid. Set request.user and persist user in the session
# by logging the user in.
request.user = user
auth.login(request, user) def clean_username(self, username, request):
"""
Allow the backend to clean the username, if the backend defines a
clean_username method.
"""
backend_str = request.session[auth.BACKEND_SESSION_KEY]
backend = auth.load_backend(backend_str)
try:
username = backend.clean_username(username)
except AttributeError: # Backend has no clean_username method.
pass
return username def _remove_invalid_user(self, request):
"""
Remove the current authenticated user in the request which is invalid
but only if the user is authenticated via the RemoteUserBackend.
"""
try:
stored_backend = load_backend(request.session.get(auth.BACKEND_SESSION_KEY, ''))
except ImportError:
# backend failed to load
auth.logout(request)
else:
if isinstance(stored_backend, RemoteUserBackend):
auth.logout(request) class PersistentRemoteUserMiddleware(RemoteUserMiddleware):
"""
Middleware for Web-server provided authentication on logon pages.
Like RemoteUserMiddleware but keeps the user authenticated even if
the header (``REMOTE_USER``) is not found in the request. Useful
for setups when the external authentication via ``REMOTE_USER``
is only expected to happen on some "logon" URL and the rest of
the application wants to use Django's authentication mechanism.
"""
force_logout_if_no_header = False
假如你有一个应用，它的用户是不同时区的人。你想让他们在访问任何页面的时候都能显示正确的时区，想让所有的views中都能得到用户自己的timezone信息。这种情况下可以用session来解决，所以你可以像下面添加一个middleware：
class TimezoneMiddleware(object):
def process_request(self, request):
# Assuming user has a OneToOneField to a model called Profile
# And Profile stores the timezone of the User.
request.session['timezone'] = request.user.profile.timezone
TimezoneMiddleware是依赖于request.user的，request.user是通过AuthenticationMiddleware来设置的。所以在settings.MIDDLEWARE_CLASSES配置中，TimezoneMiddleware一定要在AuthenticationMiddleware之后。
下面的例子可以得到关于中间件顺序的更多体会。
使用middleware时应该记住的东西
middlewares 的顺序非常重要
一个middleware只需要继承object类
一个middleware可以实现一些方法并且不需要实现所有的方法
一个middleware可以实现process_request（方法）但是不可以实现process_respose（方法）和process_view方法。这些都很常见，django提供了很多middlewares可以做到。
一个midd可以实现process_response 方法，但是不需要实现process_request 方法。
AuthenticationMiddleware只实现了对请求的处理，并没有处理响应。
GZipMiddleware 只实现了对响应的处理，并没有实现对请求和view的处理
import re from django.utils.cache import patch_vary_headers
from django.utils.deprecation import MiddlewareMixin
from django.utils.text import compress_sequence, compress_string re_accepts_gzip = re.compile(r'\bgzip\b') class GZipMiddleware(MiddlewareMixin):
"""
Compress content if the browser allows gzip compression.
Set the Vary header accordingly, so that caches will base their storage
on the Accept-Encoding header.
"""
def process_response(self, request, response):
# It's not worth attempting to compress really short responses.
if not response.streaming and len(response.content) < 200:
return response # Avoid gzipping if we've already got a content-encoding.
if response.has_header('Content-Encoding'):
return response patch_vary_headers(response, ('Accept-Encoding',)) ae = request.META.get('HTTP_ACCEPT_ENCODING', '')
if not re_accepts_gzip.search(ae):
return response if response.streaming:
# Delete the `Content-Length` header for streaming content, because
# we won't know the compressed size until we stream it.
response.streaming_content = compress_sequence(response.streaming_content)
del response['Content-Length']
else:
# Return the compressed content only if it's actually shorter.
compressed_content = compress_string(response.content)
if len(compressed_content) >= len(response.content):
return response
response.content = compressed_content
response['Content-Length'] = str(len(response.content)) # If there is a strong ETag, make it weak to fulfill the requirements
# of RFC 7232 section-2.1 while also allowing conditional request
# matches on ETags.
etag = response.get('ETag')
if etag and etag.startswith('"'):
response['ETag'] = 'W/' + etag
response['Content-Encoding'] = 'gzip' return response
参照文档
写一些middlewares
首先确认你有一个django项目，需要一个url和view，并且可以进入这个view。下面我们会对request.user做几个测试，确认权限设置好了，并可以在view中正确打印request.user的信息。
在任意一个app中创建middleware.py文件。
我有一个叫做books的app，所以文件的位置是books/middleware.py
class BookMiddleware(object):
def process_request(self,request):
print('Middleware executed')
MIDDLEWARE_CLASSES中添加这个中间件
MIDDLEWARE_CLASSES = (
'books.middleware.BookMiddleware',
'django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware',
'django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware',
'django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware',
'django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware',
'django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware',
'django.middleware.clickjacking.XFrameOptionsMiddleware',
)
对任意的一个url发送请求
Middleware executed
修改BookMiddleware.process_request如下
class BookMiddleware(object):
def process_request(self, request):
print "Middleware executed"
print request.user
再次访问一个url，将会引起一个错误
'WSGIRequest' object has no attribute 'user'
这是因为request对象还没有设置user属性呢。
现在我们改变下middlewares的顺序，BookMiddleware 放在 AuthenticationMiddleware之后
MIDDLEWARE_CLASSES = (
'django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware',
'django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware',
'django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware',
'django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware',
'books.middleware.BookMiddleware',
'django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware',
'django.middleware.clickjacking.XFrameOptionsMiddleware',
)
访问一个url，runserver控制台打印如下
Middleware executed
<username>
这说明middlewares处理request的顺序跟settings.MIDDLEWARE_CLASSES中列出的顺序是一致的。
可以进一步证实，middleware.py 添加另外一个middleware
class AnotherMiddleware(object):
def process_request(self, request):
print "Another middleware executed"
把他也加到MIDDLEWARE_CLASSES
MIDDLEWARE_CLASSES = (
'django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware',
'django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware',
'django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware',
'django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware',
'books.middleware.BookMiddleware',
'books.middleware.AnotherMiddleware',
'django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware',
'django.middleware.clickjacking.XFrameOptionsMiddleware',
)
现在的输出是：
Middleware executed
<username>
Another middleware executed
在process_request方法中返回HttpResponse，把BookMilldeware改成下面这样：
class BookMiddleware(object):
def process_request(self, request):
print "Middleware executed"
print request.user
return HttpResponse("some response")
尝试下任何一个url，会得到如下输出：
Middleware executed
<username>
你会注意到下面两个事情：
不管你访问哪个url，自己写的view处理方法都不执行了，只有“some response” 这样一种响应。
AnotherMiddleware.process_request不再被执行。
所以如果Middleware的process_request方法中返回了HttpResponse对象，那么它之后的中间件将被略过，view中的处理方法也被略过。
所以在实际的项目中很少会这么干（不过也有些项目会，比如做代理）
注释掉 "return HttpResponse("some response")" ，两个middleware才能正常的处理请求。
使用process_response
给这两个middleware添加process_response方法
class AnotherMiddleware(object):
def process_request(self, request):
print "Another middleware executed" def process_response(self, request, response):
print "AnotherMiddleware process_response executed"
return response class BookMiddleware(object):
def process_request(self, request):
print "Middleware executed"
print request.user
return HttpResponse("some response")
#self._start = time.time() def process_response(self, request, response):
print "BookMiddleware process_response executed"
return response
访问一些url，得到如下的输出
Middleware executed
<username>
Another middleware executed
AnotherMiddleware process_response executed
BookMiddleware process_response executed
AnotherMiddleware.process_response() 在BookMiddleware.process_response() 之前执行 而 AnotherMiddleware.process_request() 在BookMiddleware.process_request() 之后执行. 所以process_response() 执行的顺序跟 process_request正好相反. process_response() 执行的顺序是从最后一个中间件执行，到倒数第二个，然后直到第一个中间件.
process_view
django按顺序执行中间件process_view()的方法，从上到下。类似process_request方法执行的顺序。
所以如果任何一个process_view() 返回了HttpResponse对象，那么在它后面process_view将会被省略，不会被执行。