1.字符串字面值
字符串字面值是一串常量字符,字符串字面值常量用双引号括起来的零个或多个字符表示,为兼容C语言,C++中所有的字符串字面值都由编译器自动在末尾添加一个空字符
"Hello World!" //simple string literal
"" //empty string literal
"/nCC/toptions/tfile.[cC]/n" //string literal using newlines and tabs
字符字面值: 'A' //single quoto:character literal
字符串字面值: "A" //double quote:character string literal.包含字母A和空字符的字符串
字符串字面值的连接:
std::out << "a multi-line "
"string literal"
" using concatenation"
<< std::endl;
输出:a multi-line string literal using concatenation
多行字面值:
std::out << "a multi-line /
string literal/
using a backslash"
<< std::endl;
输出:a multi-line string literalusing a backslash
2.C风格字符串
字符串字面值的类型实质是const char类型的数组。C++从C语言继承下来的一种通用结构是C风格字符串,而字符串字面值就是该类型的实例。C风格字符串是以空字符null结束的字符数组:
char ca1[]={'C', '+', '+'}; // no null, not C-style string
char ca2[]={'C', '+', '+', '/0'}; // explicit null
char ca3[]="C++"; // null terminator added automatically
const char *cp="C++"; // null terminator added automatically
char *cp1=ca1; // points to first element of a array, but not C-style string
char *cp2=ca2; // points to first element of a null-terminated char array
ca1和cp1都不是C风格字符串:ca1是一个不带结束符null的字符数组,而指针cp1指向ca1,因此,它指向的并不是以null结束的数组。
2.1 C风格字符串的使用
C++语言通过(const) char *类型的指针来操纵C风格字符串。
const char *cp = "some value"; // 一个C风格字符串
while(*cp) //判断cp当前指向的字符是true还是false,true表明这是除null外的任意字符
{
// do something to *cp
++cp;
}
2.2 C风格字符串的标准库函数
#include <cstring> // cstring是string.h头文件中的C++版本,而string.h是C语言提供的标准库
操纵C风格字符串的标准库函数:
strlen(s) // 返回s的长度,不包括字符串结束符null
strcmp(s1, s2)
strcat(s1, s2) // 将字符串s2连接到s1后,并返回s1
strcpy(s1, s2) // 将s2复制给s1,并返回s1
strncat(s1, s2, n) // 将s2的前n个字符连接到s1后面,并返回s1
strncpy(s1, s2, n) // 将s2的前n个字符复制给s1,并返回s1
if(cp1 < cp2) // compares address, not the values pointed to
const char *cp1 = "A string example";
const char *cp2 = "A different string";
int i=strcmp(cp1, cp2); // i is positive
i=strcmp(cp2, cp1); // i is negative
i=strcmp(cp1, cp1); // i is zero
2.3 永远不要忘记字符串结束符null
char ca[]={'C', '+', '+'}; // not null-terminated
cout << strlen(ca) << endl; // disaster: ca isn't null-terminated
2.4 调用者必须确保目标字符串具有足够的大小
// Dangerous:What happens if we miscalculate the size of largeStr?
char largeStr[16+18+2]; // will hold cp1 a space and cp2
strcpy(largeStr, cp1); // copies cp1 into largeStr
strcat(largeStr, " "); // adds a space at end of largeStr
strcat(largeStr, cp2); // concatenates cp2 to largeStr
// prints A string example A different string
cout << largeStr << endl;
2.5 使用strn函数处理C风格字符串
char largeStr[16+18+2] // to hold cp1 a space and cp2
strncpy(largeStr, cp1, 17); // size to copy includes the null
strncat(largeStr, " ", 2); // pedantic, but a good habit
strncat(largeStr, cp2, 19); // adds at most 18 characters, plus a null
2.6 尽可能使用标准库类型string
string largeStr = cp1; // initialize largeStr as a copy of cp1
largeStr += " "; // add space at end of largeStr
largeStr += cp2; // concatenate cp2 onto end of largeStr
此时,标准库负责处理所有的内在管理问题。
转自:http://www.cnblogs.com/JCSU/articles/1027654.html