APUE 学习笔记(五) 进程环境

时间:2022-12-24 13:37:38

1.main函数

C程序总是从main函数开始执行,当内核执行C程序时,在调用main函数之前先调用exec函数从内核获取命令行参数和环境变量值
 

2.进程终止

正常终止:
(1)在main函数内执行return语句
(2)调用exit
(3)最后一个线程从其启动例程返回
(4)最后一个线程调用pthread_exit
 
异常中止:
(1)调用abort
(2)接收到一个信号并终止(内存越界或除0)
(3)最后一个线程对取消请求作出响应
 
内核使程序执行的唯一方法就是调用exec函数,进程自愿终止的唯一方法就是调用exit
 

3.C程序的存储空间布局

  APUE 学习笔记(五) 进程环境
a.out中还有其他类型的段,比如 符号表段、调试信息段、动态共享库段
 
size命令查看 正文段、数据段和bss(未初始化数据段)的长度。 如  size  /usr/bin/cc
 

4. setjmp longjmp

  #include <unistd.h>
#include
<stdio.h>
#include
<stdlib.h>
#include
<setjmp.h>

static jmp_buf jmpbuf;
static int globval = 1;

static void func2(void)
{
longjmp(jmpbuf,
1);
}

static void func1(int i, int j, int k, int l)
{
fprintf(stdout,
"in func1:\n");
fprintf(stdout,
"globval = %d,"
"autoval = %d,"
"regival = %d,"
"volaval = %d,"
"statval = %d\n", globval, i, j, k , l);
func2();
}
int main(int argc, char* argv[])
{
int autoval = 2;
register
int regival = 3;
volatile int volaval = 4;
static int statval = 5;
if (setjmp(jmpbuf) != 0) {
fprintf(stdout,
"after longjmp:\n");
fprintf(stdout,
"globval = %d,"
"autoval = %d,"
"regival = %d,"
"volaval = %d,"
"statval = %d\n",
globval, autoval, regival, volaval, statval);
exit(
0);
}

globval
= 95;
autoval
= 96;
regival
= 97;
volaval
= 98;
statval
= 99;

func1(autoval, regival, volaval, statval);
exit(
0);
}

 

编译时不进行优化,结果如下:

in func1:
globval
= 95,autoval = 96,regival = 97,volaval = 98,statval = 99
after longjmp:
globval
= 95,autoval = 96,regival = 97,volaval = 98,statval = 99

编译时进行全部优化,结果如下:

in func1:
globval
= 95,autoval = 96,regival = 97,volaval = 98,statval = 99
after longjmp:
globval
= 95,autoval = 2,regival = 3,volaval = 98,statval = 99

我们可以看到:全局、静态、易失变量不受优化的影响,在调用longjmp之后,他们的值是最近所呈现的值

未优化时,所有5个变量都存放在存储器中,而进行优化之后,autoval 和 regival 都存放在寄存器中,而 volatile变量仍存放在 存储器中

对于 volatile 修饰符用法,这里有一篇很好的文章:http://hedengcheng.com/?p=725