03:requests与BeautifulSoup结合爬取网页数据应用

时间:2024-01-02 19:49:18

1.1 爬虫相关模块命令回顾

  1、requests模块

1、 pip install requests

2、 response = requests.get('http://www.baidu.com/ ')            #获取指定url的网页内容

3、 response.text                                                                                #获取文本文件

4、 response.content                                                                         #获取字节类型

5、 response.encoding = ‘utf-8’                                                       #指定获取的网页内容用utf-8编码

response.encoding = response.apparent_encoding       #下载的页面是什么编码就用什么编码格式

6、 response.cookies                                                                         #拿到cookies

response.cookies.get_dict()                               #拿到cookie字典样式

       2、beautisoup模块

                  1、 pip install beautifulsoup4

                  2、 把文本转成对象

        1)html.parser 是python内置模块无需安装

          soup = BeautiSoup(response.text,parser='html.parser')

        2)lxml是第三方库,但是性能好(生产用这个

soup = BeautifulSoup(response.text,features='lxml')

                  3、 .find()用法:返回的是对象

        1)从爬取的内容找到id="auto-channel-lazyload-article" 中div的内容

target = soup.find(id="auto-channel-lazyload-article")

        2) 从爬取的内容中找到一个div,并且这个div有一个属性是id=’i1’

target = soup.find('div',id='i1')

                  4、 .find_all()用法:返回的是对象列表

1) 从以后取的target对象中找到所有li标签

li_list = target.find_all('li')

                  5、 从.find()获取的对象中找到想要的属性

        a.attrs.get('href')                                                #获取所有a标签的所有href属性(a标签url路径)

        a.find('h3').text                                                   #找到a标签中的所有h3标签,的内容

        img_url = a.find('img').attrs.get('src')       #从a标签中找到img标签所有src属性(图片url路径)

1.2 爬取需要登录和不需要登录页面内容的方法

import requests
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
response = requests.get(
url='http://www.autohome.com.cn/news/'
) response.encoding = response.apparent_encoding #下载的页面是什么编码就用什么编码格式 #1 把文本转成对象,
#soup = BeautifulSoup(response.text,features='lxml') #lxml是第三方库,但是性能好(生产用这个)
soup = BeautifulSoup(response.text,features='html.parser') # html.parser 是python内置模块无需安装 #2 从爬取的内容找到id="auto-channel-lazyload-article" 中div的内容
target = soup.find(id="auto-channel-lazyload-article") #3.1 找到所有li标签 .find()是找到第一个
#3.2 也可以这样用: .find('div',id='i1') 可以使用这种组合查找的方法
#3.3 .find()找到的是对象,.find_all() 获取的是列表
li_list = target.find_all('li') for i in li_list:
a = i.find('a')
if a:
print(a.attrs.get('href')) #获取所有a标签的url路径
# a.find('h3') 获取的是对象, 加上 .text才是获取文本
txt = a.find('h3').text #从a标签中找到所有h3标签的值
print(txt,type(txt))
img_url = a.find('img').attrs.get('src')#从a标签中找到img标签所有src属性(图片url路径)
import uuid
file_name = str(uuid.uuid4()) + '.jpg' if img_url.startswith('//www2'): #由于获取的图片url做了处理,所以才这样处理
img_url2 = img_url.replace('//www2','http://www3')
img_response = requests.get(url=img_url2)
with open(file_name,'wb') as f:
f.write(img_response.content) #把图片写到本地

例1:爬取汽车之家新闻页面(爬取无需登录的网页)

import requests

#1 登录抽屉网站的用户名和密码放到字典里
post_dict = {
"phone":'',
'password':'',
'oneMonth':1
} #2 将密码字典以post方式提交到抽屉的登录界面
response = requests.post(
url = 'http://dig.chouti.com/login',
data=post_dict
) #3下面就是成功登录抽屉的返回值
print(response.text)
# {"result":{"code":"9999", "message":"", "data":{"complateReg":"0","destJid":"cdu_49844923242"}}} #4 下面是打印成功登录抽屉后返回的的cookie字典
cookie_dict = response.cookies.get_dict()
print(cookie_dict)
#{'JSESSIONID': 'aaaVizwwcod_L5QcwwR9v', 'puid': 'd332ef55361217e544b91f081090ad5e',
# 'route': '37316285ff8286c7a96cd0b03d38e13b', 'gpsd': 'f8b07e259141ae5a11d930334fbfb609'} #5 当我们每次需要访问抽屉登录后才能看的信息时,就可以在url中添加登录成返回的cookie字典
response=requests.get(
url='http://dig.chouti.com/profile',
cookies = cookie_dict
)

例2:自动登录抽屉并获取用户配置页面的信息(cookie方式)

1.3 使用爬虫登录案例总结

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import requests # ## 1、首先登陆任何页面,获取cookie
i1 = requests.get(url="http://dig.chouti.com/")
i1_cookies = i1.cookies.get_dict() # ## 2、用户登陆,携带上一次的cookie,后台对cookie中的 gpsd 进行授权
i2 = requests.post(
url="http://dig.chouti.com/login",
data={
'phone': "",
'password': "7481079xl",
'oneMonth': ""
},
cookies=i1_cookies
) # ## 3、点赞(只需要携带已经被授权的gpsd即可)
gpsd = i1_cookies['gpsd']
i3 = requests.post(
url="http://dig.chouti.com/link/vote?linksId=15074576",
cookies={'gpsd': gpsd}
)
print(i3.text)

例1:方式一: 使用cookie方式点赞抽屉

import requests

session = requests.Session()
i1 = session.get(url="http://dig.chouti.com/help/service")
i2 = session.post(
url="http://dig.chouti.com/login",
data={
'phone': "",
'password': "7481079xl",
'oneMonth': ""
},
)
i3 = session.post(
url="http://dig.chouti.com/link/vote?linksId=15074576"
)
print(i3.text)

例2:方式二: 使用session方式点赞抽屉

import requests
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup # 第一步:获取csrf
# 1.1 获取login页面
r1 = requests.get(url='https://github.com/login')
# 1.2 接文本文件解析成对象
b1 = BeautifulSoup(r1.text,'html.parser')
# 1.3 找到csrf_token标签
tag = b1.find(name='input',attrs={'name':'authenticity_token'})
#1.4 获取csrf_token的值
# tag.get('value')等价于 tag.attrs.get('values')
token = tag.get('value') # 获取csrf_token的值
#1.5 获取第一次发送get请求返回的cookies字典
r1_cookie = r1.cookies.get_dict() #获取第一次发get请求返回的cookie
print('第一次',r1_cookie) # 第二步:发送post请求,携带用户名 密码,和第一次get请求返回的cookie,后台进行授权
#2.1 携带:csrf_token,cookies,用户名,密码 发送post请求登录
# requests.post() 等价于 requests.request('post',)
r2 = requests.post(
url='https://github.com/session',
data={ #这里data字典必须和实际登录的格式相同
'commit':'Sign in',
'utf8':'✓',
'authenticity_token':token,
'login':'1532363461@qq.com',
'password':'7481079xl',
},
cookies = r1_cookie, )
#2.2 获取第二次返回的cookies字典
r2_cookie = r2.cookies.get_dict()
print('第二次',r2_cookie)
#2.3 将两次获取的cookie字典整合成一个:没有重合就用r1_cookie,有重合的就用r2_cookie更新这个字典
r1_cookie.update(r2_cookie) # 第三步:访问个人页面,携带cookie
r3 = requests.get(
url='https://github.com/settings/profile',
cookies = r1_cookie, # 获取数据时携带登录成功的cookie
)
print(r3.text)

例3:使用爬虫登录github并获取用户配置信息

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import time import requests
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup session = requests.Session() i1 = session.get(
url='https://www.zhihu.com/#signin',
headers={
'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_10_5) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/54.0.2840.98 Safari/537.36',
}
) soup1 = BeautifulSoup(i1.text, 'lxml')
xsrf_tag = soup1.find(name='input', attrs={'name': '_xsrf'})
xsrf = xsrf_tag.get('value') current_time = time.time()
i2 = session.get(
url='https://www.zhihu.com/captcha.gif',
params={'r': current_time, 'type': 'login'},
headers={
'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_10_5) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/54.0.2840.98 Safari/537.36',
}) with open('zhihu.gif', 'wb') as f:
f.write(i2.content) captcha = input('请打开zhihu.gif文件,查看并输入验证码:')
form_data = {
"_xsrf": xsrf,
'password': 'xxooxxoo',
"captcha": 'captcha',
'email': '424662508@qq.com'
} i3 = session.post(
url='https://www.zhihu.com/login/email',
data=form_data,
headers={
'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_10_5) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/54.0.2840.98 Safari/537.36',
}
) i4 = session.get(
url='https://www.zhihu.com/settings/profile',
headers={
'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_10_5) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/54.0.2840.98 Safari/537.36',
}
) soup4 = BeautifulSoup(i4.text, 'lxml')
tag = soup4.find(id='rename-section')
nick_name = tag.find('span',class_='name').string
print(nick_name)

例4:登录知乎

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import re
import json
import base64 import rsa
import requests def js_encrypt(text):
b64der = 'MIGfMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBAQUAA4GNADCBiQKBgQCp0wHYbg/NOPO3nzMD3dndwS0MccuMeXCHgVlGOoYyFwLdS24Im2e7YyhB0wrUsyYf0/nhzCzBK8ZC9eCWqd0aHbdgOQT6CuFQBMjbyGYvlVYU2ZP7kG9Ft6YV6oc9ambuO7nPZh+bvXH0zDKfi02prknrScAKC0XhadTHT3Al0QIDAQAB'
der = base64.standard_b64decode(b64der) pk = rsa.PublicKey.load_pkcs1_openssl_der(der)
v1 = rsa.encrypt(bytes(text, 'utf8'), pk)
value = base64.encodebytes(v1).replace(b'\n', b'')
value = value.decode('utf8') return value session = requests.Session()
i1 = session.get('https://passport.cnblogs.com/user/signin')
rep = re.compile("'VerificationToken': '(.*)'")
v = re.search(rep, i1.text)
verification_token = v.group(1) form_data = {
'input1': js_encrypt('wptawy'),
'input2': js_encrypt('asdfasdf'),
'remember': False
}
i2 = session.post(url='https://passport.cnblogs.com/user/signin',
data=json.dumps(form_data),
headers={
'Content-Type': 'application/json; charset=UTF-8',
'X-Requested-With': 'XMLHttpRequest',
'VerificationToken': verification_token}
) i3 = session.get(url='https://i.cnblogs.com/EditDiary.aspx')
print(i3.text)

例5:登录博客园