序列化Serialization
1. 设置一个新的环境
在我们开始之前, 我们首先使用virtualenv要创建一个新的虚拟环境,以使我们的配置和我们的其他项目配置彻底分开。
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$ mkdir ~ /env
$virtualenv ~ /env/tutorial
$ source ~ /env/tutorial/bin/avtivate
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现在我们处在一个虚拟的环境中,开始安装我们的依赖包
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$pip install django
$pip install djangorestframework
$pip install pygments //// 使用这个包,做代码高亮显示
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需要退出虚拟环境时,运行deactivate。更多信息,irtualenv document
2. 开始
环境准备好只好,我们开始创建我们的项目
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$ cd ~
$ django-admin.py startproject tutorial
$ cd tutorial
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项目创建好后,我们再创建一个简单的app
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$python manage.py startapp snippets
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我们使用sqlite3来运行我们的项目tutorial,编辑tutorial/settings.py, 将数据库的默认引擎engine改为sqlite3, 数据库的名字NAME改为tmp.db
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DATABASES = {
'default' : {
'ENGINE' : 'django.db.backends.sqlite3' ,
'NAME' : 'tmp.db' ,
'USER' : '',
'PASSWORD' : '',
'HOST' : '',
'PORT' : '',
}
}
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同时更改settings.py文件中的INSTALLD_APPS,添加我们的APP snippets和rest_framework
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INSTALLED_APPS = (
...
'rest_framework' ,
'snippets' ,
)
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在tutorial/urls.py中,将snippets app的url包含进来
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urlpatterns = patterns('',
url(r '^' , include( 'snippets.urls' )),
)
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3. 创建Model
这里我们创建一个简单的nippets model,目的是用来存储代码片段。
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from django.db import models
from pygments.lexers import get_all_lexers
from pygments.styles import get_all_styles
LEXERS = [item for item in get_all_lexers() if item[ 1 ]]
LANGUAGE_CHOICES = sorted ([(item[ 1 ][ 0 ], item[ 0 ]) for item in LEXERS])
STYLE_CHOICES = sorted ((item, item) for item in get_all_styles())
class Snippet(models.Model):
created = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add = True )
title = models.CharField(max_length = 100 , default = '')
code = models.TextField()
linenos = models.BooleanField(default = False )
language = models.CharField(choices = LANGUAGE_CHOICES,
default = 'python' ,
max_length = 100 )
style = models.CharField(choices = STYLE_CHOICES,
default = 'friendly' ,
max_length = 100 )
class Meta:
ordering = ( 'created' ,)
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完成model时,记得sync下数据库
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python manage.py syncdb
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4. 创建序列化类
我们要使用我们的web api,要做的第一件事就是序列化和反序列化, 以便snippets实例能转换为可表述的内容,例如json. 我们声明一个可有效工作的串行器serializer。在snippets目录下面,该串行器与django 的表单形式很类似。创建一个serializers.py ,并将下面内容拷贝到文件中。
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from django.forms import widgets
from rest_framework import serializers
from snippets.models import Snippet
class SnippetSerializer(serializers.Serializer):
pk = serializers.Field() # Note: `Field` is an untyped read-only field.
title = serializers.CharField(required = False ,
max_length = 100 )
code = serializers.CharField(widget = widgets.Textarea,
max_length = 100000 )
linenos = serializers.BooleanField(required = False )
language = serializers.ChoiceField(choices = models.LANGUAGE_CHOICES,
default = 'python' )
style = serializers.ChoiceField(choices = models.STYLE_CHOICES,
default = 'friendly' )
def restore_object( self , attrs, instance = None ):
"""
Create or update a new snippet instance.
"""
if instance:
# Update existing instance
instance.title = attrs[ 'title' ]
instance.code = attrs[ 'code' ]
instance.linenos = attrs[ 'linenos' ]
instance.language = attrs[ 'language' ]
instance.style = attrs[ 'style' ]
return instance
# Create new instance
return Snippet( * * attrs)
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该序列化类的前面部分,定义了要序列化和反序列化的类型,restore_object 方法定义了如何通过反序列化数据,生成正确的对象实例。
我们也可以使用ModelSerializer来快速生成,后面我们将节省如何使用它。
5. 使用 Serializers
在我们使用我们定义的SnippetsSerializers之前,我们先熟悉下Snippets.
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$python manage.py shell
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进入shell终端后,输入以下代码:
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from snippets.models import Snippet
from snippets.serializers import SnippetSerializer
from rest_framework.renderers import JSONRenderer
from rest_framework.parsers import JSONParser
snippet = Snippet(code = 'print "hello, world"\n' )
snippet.save()
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我们现在获得了一个Snippets的实例,现在我们对他进行以下序列化
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serializer = SnippetSerializer(snippet)
serializer.data
# {'pk': 1, 'title': u'', 'code': u'print "hello, world"\n', 'linenos': False, 'language': u'python', 'style': u'friendly'}
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这时,我们将该实例转成了python原生的数据类型。下面我们将该数据转换成json格式,以完成序列化:
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content = JSONRenderer().render(serializer.data)
content
# '{"pk": 1, "title": "", "code": "print \\"hello, world\\"\\n", "linenos": false, "language": "python", "style": "friendly"}'
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反序列化也很简单,首先我们要将一个输入流(content),转换成python的原生数据类型
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import StringIO
stream = StringIO.StringIO(content)
data = JSONParser().parse(stream)
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然后我们将该原生数据类型,转换成对象实例
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serializer = SnippetSerializer(data = data)
serializer.is_valid()
# True
serializer. object
# <Snippet: Snippet object>
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注意这些API和django表单的相似处。这些相似点, 在我们讲述在view中使用serializers时将更加明显。
6. 使用 ModelSerializers
SnippetSerializer使用了许多和Snippet中相同的代码。如果我们能把这部分代码去掉,看上去将更佳简洁。
类似与django提供Form类和ModelForm类,Rest Framework也包含了Serializer 类和 ModelSerializer类。
打开snippets/serializers.py ,修改SnippetSerializer类:
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class SnippetSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
class Meta:
model = Snippet
fields = ( 'id' , 'title' , 'code' , 'linenos' , 'language' , 'style' )
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7. 通过Serializer编写Django View
让我们来看一下,如何通过我们创建的serializer类编写django view。这里我们不使用rest framework的其他特性,仅编写正常的django view。
我们创建一个HttpResponse 子类,这样我们可以将我们返回的任何数据转换成json。
在snippet/views.py中添加以下内容:
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from django.http import HttpResponse
from django.views.decorators.csrf import csrf_exempt
from rest_framework.renderers import JSONRenderer
from rest_framework.parsers import JSONParser
from snippets.models import Snippet
from snippets.serializers import SnippetSerializer
class JSONResponse(HttpResponse):
"""
An HttpResponse that renders it's content into JSON.
"""
def __init__( self , data, * * kwargs):
content = JSONRenderer().render(data)
kwargs[ 'content_type' ] = 'application/json'
super (JSONResponse, self ).__init__(content, * * kwargs)
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我们API的目的是,可以通过view来列举全部的Snippet的内容,或者创建一个新的snippet
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@csrf_exempt
def snippet_list(request):
"""
List all code snippets, or create a new snippet.
"""
if request.method = = 'GET' :
snippets = Snippet.objects. all ()
serializer = SnippetSerializer(snippets)
return JSONResponse(serializer.data)
elif request.method = = 'POST' :
data = JSONParser().parse(request)
serializer = SnippetSerializer(data = data)
if serializer.is_valid():
serializer.save()
return JSONResponse(serializer.data, status = 201 )
else :
return JSONResponse(serializer.errors, status = 400 )
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注意,因为我们要通过client向该view post一个请求,所以我们要将该view 标注为csrf_exempt, 以说明不是一个CSRF事件。
Note that because we want to be able to POST to this view from clients that won't have a CSRF token we need to mark the view as csrf_exempt. This isn't something that you'd normally want to do, and REST framework views actually use more sensible behavior than this, but it'll do for our purposes right now.
我们也需要一个view来操作一个单独的Snippet,以便能更新/删除该对象。
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@csrf_exempt
def snippet_detail(request, pk):
"""
Retrieve, update or delete a code snippet.
"""
try :
snippet = Snippet.objects.get(pk = pk)
except Snippet.DoesNotExist:
return HttpResponse(status = 404 )
if request.method = = 'GET' :
serializer = SnippetSerializer(snippet)
return JSONResponse(serializer.data)
elif request.method = = 'PUT' :
data = JSONParser().parse(request)
serializer = SnippetSerializer(snippet, data = data)
if serializer.is_valid():
serializer.save()
return JSONResponse(serializer.data)
else :
return JSONResponse(serializer.errors, status = 400 )
elif request.method = = 'DELETE' :
snippet.delete()
return HttpResponse(status = 204 )
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将views.py保存,在Snippets目录下面创建urls.py,添加以下内容:
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urlpatterns = patterns( 'snippets.views' ,
url(r '^snippets/$' , 'snippet_list' ),
url(r '^snippets/(?P<pk>[0-9]+)/$' , 'snippet_detail' ),
)
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注意我们有些边缘事件没有处理,服务器可能会抛出500异常。
8. 测试
现在我们启动server来测试我们的Snippet。
在python mange.py shell终端下执行(如果前面进入还没有退出)
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>>quit()
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执行下面的命令, 运行我们的server:
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python manage.py runserver
Validating models...
0 errors found
Django version 1.4.3, using settings 'tutorial.settings'
Development server is running at http: //127 .0.0.1:8000/
Quit the server with CONTROL-C.
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新开一个terminal来测试我们的server
序列化:
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url http: / / 127.0 . 0.1 : 8000 / snippets /
[{ "id" : 1 , "title" : " ", " code ": " print \ "hello, world\"\n" , "linenos" : false, "language" : "python" , "style" : "friendly" }]
url http: / / 127.0 . 0.1 : 8000 / snippets / 1 /
{ "id" : 1 , "title" : " ", " code ": " print \ "hello, world\"\n" , "linenos" : false, "language" : "python" , "style" : "friendly" }
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Request and Response
1. Request Object ——Request对象
rest framework 引入了一个继承自HttpRequest的Request对象,该对象提供了对请求的更灵活解析。request对象的核心部分是request.data属性,类似于request.post, 但在使用WEB API时,request.data更有效。
(1)request.POST # Only handles form data. Only works for 'POST' method.
(2)request.DATA # Handles arbitrary data. Works any HTTP request with content.
2. Response Object ——Response对象
rest framework引入了一个Response 对象,它继承自TemplateResponse对象。它获得未渲染的内容并通过内容协商content negotiation 来决定正确的content type返回给client。
return Response(data) # Renders to content type as requested by the client.
3. Status Codes
在views当中使用数字化的HTTP状态码,会使你的代码不宜阅读,且不容易发现代码中的错误。rest framework为每个状态码提供了更明确的标识。例如HTTP_400_BAD_REQUEST。相比于使用数字,在整个views中使用这类标识符将更好。
4. 封装API views
在编写API views时,REST Framework提供了两种wrappers:
1). @api_viwe 装饰器 ——函数级别
2). APIView 类——类级别
这两种封装器提供了许多功能,例如,确保在view当中能够接收到Request实例;往Response中增加内容以便内容协商content negotiation 机制能够执行。
封装器也提供一些行为,例如在适当的时候返回405 Methord Not Allowed响应;在访问多类型的输入request.DATA时,处理任何的ParseError异常。
5. 汇总
我们开始用这些新的组件来写一些views。
我们不在需要JESONResponse 类(在前一篇中创建),将它删除。删除后我们开始稍微重构下我们的view
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from rest_framework import status
from rest_framework.decorators import api_view
from rest_framework.response import Response
from snippets.models import Snippet
from snippets.serializers import SnippetSerializer
@api_view ([ 'GET' , 'POST' ])
def snippet_list(request):
"""
List all snippets, or create a new snippet.
"""
if request.method = = 'GET' :
snippets = Snippet.objects. all ()
serializer = SnippetSerializer(snippets)
return Response(serializer.data)
elif request.method = = 'POST' :
serializer = SnippetSerializer(data = request.DATA)
if serializer.is_valid():
serializer.save()
return Response(serializer.data, status = status.HTTP_201_CREATED)
else :
return Response(serializer.errors, status = status.HTTP_400_BAD_REQUEST)
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上面的代码是对我们之前代码的改进。看上去更简洁,也更类似于django的forms api形式。我们也采用了状态码,使返回值更加明确。
下面是对单个snippet操作的view更新:
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@api_view ([ 'GET' , 'PUT' , 'DELETE' ])
def snippet_detail(request, pk):
"""
Retrieve, update or delete a snippet instance.
""" try :
snippet = Snippet.objects.get(pk = pk)
except Snippet.DoesNotExist:
return Response(status = status.HTTP_404_NOT_FOUND)
if request.method = = 'GET' :
serializer = SnippetSerializer(snippet)
return Response(serializer.data)
elif request.method = = 'PUT' :
serializer = SnippetSerializer(snippet, data = request.DATA)
if serializer.is_valid():
serializer.save()
return Response(serializer.data)
else :
return Response(serializer.errors, status = status.HTTP_400_BAD_REQUEST)
elif request.method = = 'DELETE' :
snippet.delete()
return Response(status = status.HTTP_204_NO_CONTENT)
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注意,我们并没有明确的要求requests或者responses给出content type。request.DATA可以处理输入的json请求,也可以输入yaml和其他格式。类似的在response返回数据时,REST Framework返回正确的content type给client。
6. 给URLs增加可选的格式后缀
利用在response时不需要指定content type这一事实,我们在API端增加格式的后缀。使用格式后缀,可以明确的指出使用某种格式,意味着我们的API可以处理类似http://example.com/api/items/4.json.的URL。
增加format参数在views中,如:
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def snippet_list(request, format = None ):
and
def snippet_detail(request, pk, format = None ):
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现在稍微改动urls.py文件,在现有的URLs中添加一个格式后缀pattterns (format_suffix_patterns):
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from django.conf.urls import patterns, url
from rest_framework.urlpatterns import format_suffix_patterns
urlpatterns = patterns( 'snippets.views' ,
url(r '^snippets/$' , 'snippet_list' ),
url(r '^snippets/(?P<pk>[0-9]+)$' , 'snippet_detail' ),
)
urlpatterns = format_suffix_patterns(urlpatterns)
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这些额外的url patterns并不是必须的。