python爬虫之xpath的基本使用详解

时间:2022-11-21 15:09:34

一、简介

XPath 是一门在 XML 文档中查找信息的语言。XPath 可用来在 XML 文档中对元素和属性进行遍历。XPath 是 W3C XSLT 标准的主要元素,并且 XQuery 和 XPointer 都构建于 XPath 表达之上。 

二、安装

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pip3 install lxml

三、使用

1、导入

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from lxml import etree

2、基本使用

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from lxml import etree
wb_data = """
    <div>
      <ul>
         <li class="item-0"><a href="link1.html" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" >first item</a></li>
 
         <li class="item-1"><a href="link2.html" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" >second item</a></li>
 
         <li class="item-inactive"><a href="link3.html" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" >third item</a></li>
 
         <li class="item-1"><a href="link4.html" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" >fourth item</a></li>
 
         <li class="item-0"><a href="link5.html" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" >fifth item</a>
       </ul>
     </div>
 
    """
html = etree.HTML(wb_data)
print(html)
result = etree.tostring(html)
print(result.decode("utf-8"))

从下面的结果来看,我们打印机html其实就是一个python对象,etree.tostring(html)则是不全里html的基本写法,补全了缺胳膊少腿的标签。

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<Element html at 0x39e58f0>
<html><body><div>
      <ul>
         <li class="item-0"><a href="link1.html" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" >first item</a></li>
 
         <li class="item-1"><a href="link2.html" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" >second item</a></li>
 
         <li class="item-inactive"><a href="link3.html" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" >third item</a></li>
 
         <li class="item-1"><a href="link4.html" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" >fourth item</a></li>
 
         <li class="item-0"><a href="link5.html" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" >fifth item</a>
 
       </li></ul>
     </div>
    </body></html>

3、获取某个标签的内容(基本使用),注意,获取a标签的所有内容,a后面就不用再加正斜杠,否则报错。

写法一

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html = etree.HTML(wb_data)
 
html_data = html.xpath('/html/body/div/ul/li/a')
 
print(html)
 
for i in html_data:
 
  print(i.text)
 
<Element html at 0x12fe4b8>
 
first item
 
second item
 
third item
 
fourth item
 
fifth item

写法二(直接在需要查找内容的标签后面加一个/text()就行)

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html = etree.HTML(wb_data)
 
html_data = html.xpath('/html/body/div/ul/li/a/text()')
 
print(html)
 
for i in html_data:
 
  print(i)
 
<Element html at 0x138e4b8>
 
first item
 
second item
 
third item
 
fourth item
 
fifth item

4、打开读取html文件

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#使用parse打开html的文件
 
html = etree.parse('test.html')
 
html_data = html.xpath('//*')<br>#打印是一个列表,需要遍历
 
print(html_data)
 
for i in html_data:
 
  print(i.text)
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html = etree.parse('test.html')
 
html_data = etree.tostring(html,pretty_print=True)
 
res = html_data.decode('utf-8')
 
print(res)
 
 
 
打印:
 
<div>
 
   <ul>
 
     <li class="item-0"><a href="link1.html" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" >first item</a></li>
 
     <li class="item-1"><a href="link2.html" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" >second item</a></li>
 
     <li class="item-inactive"><a href="link3.html" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" >third item</a></li>
 
     <li class="item-1"><a href="link4.html" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" >fourth item</a></li>
 
     <li class="item-0"><a href="link5.html" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" >fifth item</a></li>
 
   </ul>
 
</div>

5、打印指定路径下a标签的属性(可以通过遍历拿到某个属性的值,查找标签的内容)

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html = etree.HTML(wb_data)
 
html_data = html.xpath('/html/body/div/ul/li/a/@href')
 
for i in html_data:
 
  print(i)

打印:

link1.html

link2.html

link3.html

link4.html

link5.html

6、我们知道我们使用xpath拿到得都是一个个的ElementTree对象,所以如果需要查找内容的话,还需要遍历拿到数据的列表。

查到绝对路径下a标签属性等于link2.html的内容。

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html = etree.HTML(wb_data)
 
html_data = html.xpath('/html/body/div/ul/li/a[@href="link2.html" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" ]/text()')
 
print(html_data)
 
for i in html_data:
 
  print(i)

打印:

['second item']

second item

7、上面我们找到全部都是绝对路径(每一个都是从根开始查找),下面我们查找相对路径,例如,查找所有li标签下的a标签内容。

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html = etree.HTML(wb_data)
 
html_data = html.xpath('//li/a/text()')
 
print(html_data)
 
for i in html_data:
 
  print(i)

打印:

['first item', 'second item', 'third item', 'fourth item', 'fifth item']

first item

second item

third item

fourth item

fifth item

8、上面我们使用绝对路径,查找了所有a标签的属性等于href属性值,利用的是/---绝对路径,下面我们使用相对路径,查找一下l相对路径下li标签下的a标签下的href属性的值,注意,a标签后面需要双//。

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html = etree.HTML(wb_data)
 
html_data = html.xpath('//li/a//@href')
 
print(html_data)
 
for i in html_data:
 
  print(i)

打印:

['link1.html', 'link2.html', 'link3.html', 'link4.html', 'link5.html']

link1.html

link2.html

link3.html

link4.html

link5.html

9、相对路径下跟绝对路径下查特定属性的方法类似,也可以说相同。

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html = etree.HTML(wb_data)
 
html_data = html.xpath('//li/a[@href="link2.html" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" ]')
 
print(html_data)
 
for i in html_data:
 
  print(i.text)

打印:

[<Element a at 0x216e468>]

second item

10、查找最后一个li标签里的a标签的href属性

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html = etree.HTML(wb_data)
 
html_data = html.xpath('//li[last()]/a/text()')
 
print(html_data)
 
for i in html_data:
 
  print(i)

打印:

['fifth item']

fifth item

11、查找倒数第二个li标签里的a标签的href属性 

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html = etree.HTML(wb_data)
 
html_data = html.xpath('//li[last()-1]/a/text()')
 
print(html_data)
 
for i in html_data:
 
  print(i)

打印:

['fourth item']

fourth item

12、如果在提取某个页面的某个标签的xpath路径的话,可以如下图:

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//*[@id="kw"]

解释:使用相对路径查找所有的标签,属性id等于kw的标签。

python爬虫之xpath的基本使用详解

常用

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#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from scrapy.selector import Selector, HtmlXPathSelector
from scrapy.http import HtmlResponse
html = """<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
  <head lang="en">
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title></title>
  </head>
  <body>
    <ul>
      <li class="item-"><a id='i1' href="link.html" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" >first item</a></li>
      <li class="item-0"><a id='i2' href="llink.html" rel="external nofollow" >first item</a></li>
      <li class="item-1"><a href="llink2.html" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" >second item<span>vv</span></a></li>
    </ul>
    <div><a href="llink2.html" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" >second item</a></div>
  </body>
</html>
"""
response = HtmlResponse(url='http://example.com', body=html,encoding='utf-8')
# hxs = HtmlXPathSelector(response)
# print(hxs)
# hxs = Selector(response=response).xpath('//a')
# print(hxs)
# hxs = Selector(response=response).xpath('//a[2]')
# print(hxs)
# hxs = Selector(response=response).xpath('//a[@id]')
# print(hxs)
# hxs = Selector(response=response).xpath('//a[@id="i1"]')
# print(hxs)
# hxs = Selector(response=response).xpath('//a[@href="link.html" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" ][@id="i1"]')
# print(hxs)
# hxs = Selector(response=response).xpath('//a[contains(@href, "link")]')
# print(hxs)
# hxs = Selector(response=response).xpath('//a[starts-with(@href, "link")]')
# print(hxs)
# hxs = Selector(response=response).xpath('//a[re:test(@id, "i\d+")]')
# print(hxs)
# hxs = Selector(response=response).xpath('//a[re:test(@id, "i\d+")]/text()').extract()
# print(hxs)
# hxs = Selector(response=response).xpath('//a[re:test(@id, "i\d+")]/@href').extract()
# print(hxs)
# hxs = Selector(response=response).xpath('/html/body/ul/li/a/@href').extract()
# print(hxs)
# hxs = Selector(response=response).xpath('//body/ul/li/a/@href').extract_first()
# print(hxs)
 
# ul_list = Selector(response=response).xpath('//body/ul/li')
# for item in ul_list:
#   v = item.xpath('./a/span')
#   # 或
#   # v = item.xpath('a/span')
#   # 或
#   # v = item.xpath('*/a/span')
#   print(v)

以上就是本文的全部内容,希望对大家的学习有所帮助,也希望大家多多支持服务器之家。

原文链接:http://www.cnblogs.com/lei0213/p/7506130.html