本文实例讲述了mysql完整性约束。分享给大家供大家参考,具体如下:
主要内容
- not null 与 default
- unique
- primary
- auto_increment
- foreign key
约束条件作用:用于保证数据的完整性和一致性
主要分为
PRIMARY KEY (PK) #标识该字段为该表的主键,可以唯一的标识记录
FOREIGN KEY (FK) #标识该字段为该表的外键
NOT NULL #标识该字段不能为空
UNIQUE KEY (UK) #标识该字段的值是唯一的,
AUTO_INCREMENT #标识该字段的值自动增长(整数类型,而且为主键)
DEFAULT #为该字段设置默认值
UNSIGNED #无符号
ZEROFILL #使用0填充
unique
在mysql中称为单列唯一
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
|
#例子1:
create table department(
id int ,
name char (10) unique
);
mysql> insert into department values (1, 'it' ),(2, 'it' );
ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry 'it' for key 'name'
#例子2:
create table department(
id int unique ,
name char (10) unique
);
insert into department values (1, 'it' ),(2, 'sale' );
#第二种创建 unique 的方式
create table department(
id int ,
name char (10) ,
unique (id),
unique ( name )
);
insert into department values (1, 'it' ),(2, 'sale' );
|
联合唯一:只要两列记录,有一列不同,既符合联合唯一的约束
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
|
# 创建services表
mysql> create table services(
-> id int ,
-> ip char (15),
-> port int ,
-> unique (id),
-> unique (ip,port)
-> );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.05 sec)
mysql> desc services;
+ -------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+ -------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id | int (11) | YES | UNI | NULL | |
| ip | char (15) | YES | MUL | NULL | |
| port | int (11) | YES | | NULL | |
+ -------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.01 sec)
#联合唯一,只要两列记录,有一列不同,既符合联合唯一的约束
mysql> insert into services values
-> (1, '192,168,11,23' ,80),
-> (2, '192,168,11,23' ,81),
-> (3, '192,168,11,25' ,80);
Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.01 sec)
Records: 3 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
mysql> select * from services;
+ ------+---------------+------+
| id | ip | port |
+ ------+---------------+------+
| 1 | 192,168,11,23 | 80 |
| 2 | 192,168,11,23 | 81 |
| 3 | 192,168,11,25 | 80 |
+ ------+---------------+------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> insert into services values (4, '192,168,11,23' ,80);
ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry '192,168,11,23-80' for key 'ip'
|
auto_increment
约束:约束的字段为自动增长,约束的字段必须同时被key约束
不指定id,则自动增长
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
|
# 创建student
create table student(
id int primary key auto_increment,
name varchar (20),
sex enum( 'male' , 'female' ) default 'male'
);
mysql> desc student;
+ -------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+ -------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| id | int (11) | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment |
| name | varchar (20) | YES | | NULL | |
| sex | enum( 'male' , 'female' ) | YES | | male | |
+ -------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
rows in set (0.17 sec)
#插入记录
mysql> insert into student( name ) values ( '老白' ),( '小白' );
Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.01 sec)
Records: 2 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
mysql> select * from student;
+ ----+--------+------+
| id | name | sex |
+ ----+--------+------+
| 1 | 老白 | male |
| 2 | 小白 | male |
+ ----+--------+------+
rows in set (0.00 sec)
|
指定id的情况
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
|
mysql> insert into student values (4, 'asb' , 'female' );
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> insert into student values (7, 'wsb' , 'female' );
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
mysql> select * from student;
+ ----+--------+--------+
| id | name | sex |
+ ----+--------+--------+
| 1 | 老白 | male |
| 2 | 小白 | male |
| 4 | asb | female |
| 7 | wsb | female |
+ ----+--------+--------+
rows in set (0.00 sec)
# 再次插入一条不指定id的记录,会在之前的最后一条记录继续增长
mysql> insert into student( name ) values ( '大白' );
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from student;
+ ----+--------+--------+
| id | name | sex |
+ ----+--------+--------+
| 1 | 老白 | male |
| 2 | 小白 | male |
| 4 | asb | female |
| 7 | wsb | female |
| 8 | 大白 | male |
+ ----+--------+--------+
rows in set (0.00 sec)
|
对于自增的字段,在用delete删除后,再插入值,该字段仍按照删除前的位置继续增长
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
|
mysql> delete from student;
Query OK, 5 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from student;
Empty set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from student;
Empty set (0.00 sec)
mysql> insert into student( name ) values ( 'ysb' );
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
mysql> select * from student;
+ ----+------+------+
| id | name | sex |
+ ----+------+------+
| 9 | ysb | male |
+ ----+------+------+
row in set (0.00 sec)
#应该用 truncate 清空表,比起 delete 一条一条地删除记录, truncate 是直接清空表,在删除大表时用它
mysql> truncate student;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.03 sec)
mysql> insert into student( name ) values ( 'xiaobai' );
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from student;
+ ----+---------+------+
| id | name | sex |
+ ----+---------+------+
| 1 | xiaobai | male |
+ ----+---------+------+
row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql>
auto_increment_increment和 auto_increment_offset
|
查看可用的 开头auto_inc的词
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
|
mysql> show variables like 'auto_inc%' ;
+ --------------------------+-------+
| Variable_name | Value |
+ --------------------------+-------+
| auto_increment_increment | 1 |
| auto_increment_offset | 1 |
+ --------------------------+-------+
rows in set (0.02 sec)
|
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
|
# 步长auto_increment_increment,默认为1
# 起始的偏移量auto_increment_offset, 默认是1
# 设置步长 为会话设置,只在本次连接中有效
set session auto_increment_increment=5;
#全局设置步长 都有效。
set global auto_increment_increment=5;
# 设置起始偏移量
set global auto_increment_offset=3;
|
强调:If the value of auto_increment_offset is greater than that of auto_increment_increment, the value of auto_increment_offset is ignored.
翻译:如果auto_increment_offset的值大于auto_increment_increment的值,则auto_increment_offset的值会被忽略
设置完起始偏移量和步长之后,再次执行show variables like'auto_inc%';
发现跟之前一样,必须先exit,再登录才有效。
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
|
mysql> show variables like 'auto_inc%' ;
+ --------------------------+-------+
| Variable_name | Value |
+ --------------------------+-------+
| auto_increment_increment | 5 |
| auto_increment_offset | 3 |
+ --------------------------+-------+
rows in set (0.00 sec)
#因为之前有一条记录id=1
mysql> select * from student;
+ ----+---------+------+
| id | name | sex |
+ ----+---------+------+
| 1 | xiaobai | male |
+ ----+---------+------+
row in set (0.00 sec)
# 下次插入的时候,从起始位置3开始,每次插入记录id+5
mysql> insert into student( name ) values ( 'ma1' ),( 'ma2' ),( 'ma3' );
Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Records: 3 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
mysql> select * from student;
+ ----+---------+------+
| id | name | sex |
+ ----+---------+------+
| 1 | xiaobai | male |
| 3 | ma1 | male |
| 8 | ma2 | male |
| 13 | ma3 | male |
+ ----+---------+------+
|
清空表区分delete和truncate的区别:
delete from t1; #如果有自增id,新增的数据,仍然是以删除前的最后一样作为起始。
truncate table t1;数据量大,删除速度比上一条快,且直接从零开始。
foreign key
理解foreign key
如上图如果一个公司有很多员工,每个员工都对应一个部门,在填表的时候就会重复写这些部门,太冗余了
我们可以将它们分离
此时有两张表,一张是employee表,简称emp表(关联表,也就从表)。一张是department表,简称dep表(被关联表,也叫主表)。
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
|
#1.创建表时先创建被关联表,再创建关联表
# 先创建被关联表(dep表)
create table dep(
id int primary key ,
name varchar (20) not null ,
descripe varchar (20) not null
);
#再创建关联表(emp表)
create table emp(
id int primary key ,
name varchar (20) not null ,
age int not null ,
dep_id int ,
constraint fk_dep foreign key (dep_id) references dep(id) //创建约束
);
#2.插入记录时,先往被关联表中插入记录,再往关联表中插入记录
insert into dep values
(1, 'IT' , 'IT技术有限部门' ),
(2, '销售部' , '销售部门' ),
(3, '财务部' , '花钱太多部门' );
insert into emp values
(1, 'zhangsan' ,18,1),
(2, 'lisi' ,19,1),
(3, 'egon' ,20,2),
(4, 'yuanhao' ,40,3),
(5, 'alex' ,18,2);
|
3.删除表
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
|
#按道理来说,删除了部门表中的某个部门,员工表的有关联的记录相继删除。
mysql> delete from dep where id=3;
ERROR 1451 (23000): Cannot delete or update a parent row: a foreign key constraint fails (`db5`.`emp`, CONSTRAINT `fk_name` FOREIGN KEY (`dep_id`) REFERENCES `dep` (`id`))
#但是先删除员工表的记录之后,再删除当前部门就没有任何问题
mysql> delete from emp where dep_id =3;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from emp;
+ ----+----------+-----+--------+
| id | name | age | dep_id |
+ ----+----------+-----+--------+
| 1 | zhangsan | 18 | 1 |
| 2 | lisi | 18 | 1 |
| 3 | egon | 20 | 2 |
| 5 | alex | 18 | 2 |
+ ----+----------+-----+--------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> delete from dep where id=3;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from dep;
+ ----+-----------+----------------------+
| id | name | descripe |
+ ----+-----------+----------------------+
| 1 | IT | IT技术有限部门 |
| 2 | 销售部 | 销售部门 |
+ ----+-----------+----------------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
|
上面的删除表记录的操作比较繁琐,按道理讲,裁掉一个部门,该部门的员工也会被裁掉。其实呢,在建表的时候还有个很重要的内容,叫同步删除,同步更新
on delete cascade #同步删除
on update cascade #同步更新
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
|
create table emp(
id int primary key ,
name varchar (20) not null ,
age int not null ,
dep_id int ,
constraint fk_dep foreign key (dep_id) references dep(id)
on delete cascade #同步删除
on update cascade #同步更新
);
|
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
|
#再去删被关联表(dep)的记录,关联表(emp)中的记录也跟着删除
mysql> delete from dep where id=3;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from dep;
+ ----+-----------+----------------------+
| id | name | descripe |
+ ----+-----------+----------------------+
| 1 | IT | IT技术有限部门 |
| 2 | 销售部 | 销售部门 |
+ ----+-----------+----------------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from emp;
+ ----+----------+-----+--------+
| id | name | age | dep_id |
+ ----+----------+-----+--------+
| 1 | zhangsan | 18 | 1 |
| 2 | lisi | 19 | 1 |
| 3 | egon | 20 | 2 |
| 5 | alex | 18 | 2 |
+ ----+----------+-----+--------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
#再去更改被关联表(dep)的记录,关联表(emp)中的记录也跟着更改
mysql> update dep set id=222 where id=2;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.02 sec)
Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0
# 赶紧去查看一下两张表是否都被删除了,是否都被更改了
mysql> select * from dep;
+ -----+-----------+----------------------+
| id | name | descripe |
+ -----+-----------+----------------------+
| 1 | IT | IT技术有限部门 |
| 222 | 销售部 | 销售部门 |
+ -----+-----------+----------------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from emp;
+ ----+----------+-----+--------+
| id | name | age | dep_id |
+ ----+----------+-----+--------+
| 1 | zhangsan | 18 | 1 |
| 2 | lisi | 19 | 1 |
| 3 | egon | 20 | 222 |
| 5 | alex | 18 | 222 |
+ ----+----------+-----+--------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
|
希望本文所述对大家MySQL数据库计有所帮助。
原文链接:https://www.cnblogs.com/mmyy-blog/p/9626793.html