Memcached内存数据库
- 一套开源的高性能分布式内存对象缓存系统
- 所有的数据都存储在内存中
- 支持任意存储类型的数据
- 提高网址访问的速度
Memcached缓存机制
- 当程序写入缓存数据请求时,Memcached的API接口将KEY输入路由算法模块路由到集群中的一台服务,之后由API接口与服务器进行通信,完成一次分布式缓存写入
- Key索引建立在API中,值value数据存在后面的memcached中
Memcached分布式
- 要依赖于Memcached的客户端来实现
- 多个Memcached服务器是独立的
- 分布式数据如何存储是路由算法所决定
Memcached路由算法
求余数hash算法
- 先用key做hash运算的到一个整数,再去做hash算法,根据余数进行路由。不适合在动态变化的环境中
一致性hash算法
- 按照hash算法把对应key通过一定hash算法处理后映射形成一个首尾接闭合循环,然后通过使用与对象存储一样的hash算法将机器也映射到环中,顺时针方向计算将所有对象存储到离自己最近的机器中。适合在动态变化中使用
Memcached是什么
- 在阐述这个问题之前,我们首先要清楚它“不是什么”。很多人把它当作和SharedMemory那种形式的存储载体来使用,虽然memcached使用了同样的“Key=>Value”方式组织数据,但是它和共享内存、APC等本地缓存有非常大的区别。Memcached是分布式的,也就是说它不是本地的。它基于网络连接(当然它也可以使用localhost)方式完成服务,本身它是一个独立于应用的程序或守护进程(Daemon方式)。
- Memcached使用libevent库实现网络连接服务,理论上可以处理无限多的连接,但是它和Apache不同,它更多的时候是面向稳定的持续连接的,所以它实际的并发能力是有限制的。在保守情况下memcached的最大同时连接数为200,这和Linux线程能力有关系,这个数值是可以调整的。关于libevent可以参考相关文档。 Memcached内存使用方式也和APC不同。APC是基于共享内存和MMAP的,memcachd有自己的内存分配算法和管理方式,它和共享内存没有关系,也没有共享内存的限制,通常情况下,每个memcached进程可以管理2GB的内存空间,如果需要更多的空间,可以增加进程数。
memcached群集搭建实践
实验环境
- 主服务器IP地址:192.168.144.238
- 从服务器IP地址:192.168.144.239
- 客户端IP地址:192.168.144.185
- 漂移IP地址:192.168.144.188
主服务器安装memcached,libevent事件库,mamgent代理包
[[email protected] ~]# mkdir /abc
[[email protected] ~]# mount.cifs //192.168.100.8/memcached /abc //挂载
Password for [email protected]//192.168.100.8/memcached:
[[email protected] ~]# cd /abc/
[[email protected] abc]# ls
LAMP-php5.6 magent-0.5.tar.gz memcached-1.5.6.tar.gz
libevent-2.1.8-stable.tar.gz memcache-2.2.7.tgz
[[email protected] abc]# tar zxvf libevent-2.1.8-stable.tar.gz -C /opt //解压事件库软件包,memcached依赖于事件库
[[email protected] abc]# tar zxvf memcached-1.5.6.tar.gz -C /opt/ //解压服务端memcached软件包
[[email protected] abc]# yum install gcc gcc-c make -y //安装环境包
[[email protected] abc]# mkdir /opt/magent
[[email protected] abc]# tar zxvf magent-0.5.tar.gz -C /opt/magent/
[[email protected] opt]# cd libevent-2.1.8-stable/
[[email protected] libevent-2.1.8-stable]# ./configure --prefix=/usr
[[email protected] libevent-2.1.8-stable]# make && make install //编译安装
[[email protected] libevent-2.1.8-stable]# cd ../memcached-1.5.6/
[[email protected] memcached-1.5.6]# ./configure --with-libevent=/usr
make && make install
从服务器安装memcached,libevent事件库
[[email protected] ~]# mkdir /abc
[[email protected] ~]# mount.cifs //192.168.100.8/memcached /abc
Password for [email protected]//192.168.100.8/memcached:
[[email protected] ~]# cd /abc/
[[email protected] abc]# ls
LAMP-php5.6 magent-0.5.tar.gz memcached-1.5.6.tar.gz
libevent-2.1.8-stable.tar.gz memcache-2.2.7.tgz
[[email protected] abc]# tar zxvf libevent-2.1.8-stable.tar.gz -C /opt //解压事件库软件包
[[email protected] abc]# tar zxvf memcached-1.5.6.tar.gz -C /opt/ /解压服务端memcached软件包
[[email protected] abc]# yum install gcc gcc-c make -y
[[email protected] opt]# cd libevent-2.1.8-stable/
[[email protected] libevent-2.1.8-stable]# ./configure --prefix=/usr
[[email protected] libevent-2.1.8-stable]# make && make install
[[email protected] libevent-2.1.8-stable]# cd ../memcached-1.5.6/
[[email protected] memcached-1.5.6]# ./configure --with-libevent=/usr
make && make install
主服务器配置magent
[[email protected] memcached-1.5.6]# cd /opt/
[[email protected] opt]# ls
libevent-2.1.8-stable magent memcached-1.5.6 rh
[[email protected] opt]# cd magent/
[[email protected] magent]# vim ketama.h
#ifndef SSIZE_MAX
#define SSIZE_MAX 32767
[[email protected] magent]# vim Makefile
LIBS = -levent -lm //指定makefile文件
make //编译
[[email protected] magent]# ls
ketama.c ketama.h ketama.o magent magent.c magent.o Makefile
[[email protected] magent]# yum install openssh-clients -y //安装scp远程同步软件包
[[email protected] magent]# cp magent /usr/bin/ //把magent脚本放到/usr/local中,让系统能识别
[[email protected] magent]# scp magent [email protected]:/usr/bin/ //把mangent文件拷贝到从服务器上
主从都关闭防火墙
[[email protected] bin]# systemctl stop firewalld.service
[[email protected] bin]# setenforce 0
在主服务器、从服务器同时安装
[[email protected] bin]# yum install keepalived -y
主服务器配置主从同步
[[email protected] magent]# vim /etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf
! Configuration File for keepalived
vrrp_script magent { //编辑函数脚本
script "/opt/shell/magent.sh" //指定脚本位置
interval 2 //检测脚本时间间隔
}
global_defs {
notification_email {
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
}
notification_email_from [email protected]
smtp_server 192.168.200.1
smtp_connect_timeout 30
router_id MAGENT_HA //主服务器id,两台不能一样
}
vrrp_instance VI_1 {
state MASTER
interface ens33 //主服务器网卡
virtual_router_id 51
priority 100
advert_int 1
authentication {
auth_type PASS
auth_pass 1111 #默认验证
}
track_script { //调函数名magent
magent
}
virtual_ipaddress {
192.168.144.188 //客户端访问的漂移地址
}
}
从服务器安装openssh客户端
[[email protected] bin]# cd /etc/keepalived/
[[email protected] keepalived]# mv keepalived.conf keepalived.conf.bak //更改名称
[[email protected] keepalived]# yum install openssh-clients -y
主服务器用scp把keepalived文件传到从服务器
[[email protected] magent]# cd /etc/keepalived/
[[email protected] keepalived]# scp keepalived.conf [email protected]:/etc/keepalived/
从服务器配置主从同步
[[email protected] keepalived]# ls
keepalived.conf keepalived.conf.bak
[[email protected] keepalived]# vim keepalived.conf
! Configuration File for keepalived
vrrp_script magent {
script "/opt/shell/magent.sh"
interval 2
}
global_defs {
notification_email {
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
}
notification_email_from [email protected]
smtp_server 192.168.200.1
smtp_connect_timeout 30
router_id MAGENT_HB //routed_id不能相同
}
vrrp_instance VI_1 {
state BACKUP
interface ens33
virtual_router_id 52 //从服务器虚拟id不能和主服务器一样
priority 90 //优先级比主服务器低
advert_int 1
authentication {
auth_type PASS
auth_pass 1111
}
track_script {
magent
}
virtual_ipaddress {
192.168.144.188
}
}
主服务器配置magent脚本
[[email protected] keepalived]# mkdir /opt/shell
[[email protected] keepalived]# cd /opt/shell/
[[email protected] shell]# vim magent.sh
#!/bin/bash
k=`ps -ef | grep keepalived | grep -v grep | wc -l` //检查keepaliveed进程,如果开启
if [ $k -gt 0 ]; then
magent -u root -n 51200 -l 192.168.144.188 -p 12000 -s 192.168.144.238:11211 -b
// -n连接数量 -l指定漂移地址,-p指定端口映射到主从服务器的地址
192.168.144.239:11211
else
pkill -9 magent
fi
[[email protected] shell]# chmod x magent.sh
[[email protected] shell]# systemctl start keepalived.service
[[email protected] shell]# netstat -ntap | grep 12000
tcp 0 0 192.168.144.188:12000 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 124720/magent
从服务器同样的操作
[[email protected] keepalived]# mkdir /opt/shell
[[email protected] keepalived]# cd /opt/shell/
[[email protected] shell]# vim magent.sh
#!/bin/bash
k=`ps -ef | grep keepalived | grep -v grep | wc -l`
if [ $k -gt 0 ]; then
magent -u root -n 51200 -l 192.168.144.188 -p 12000 -s 192.168.144.238:11211 -b 192.168.144.239:11211
else
pkill -9 magent
fi
[[email protected] shell]# chmod x magent.sh
[[email protected] shell]# systemctl start keepalived.service
[[email protected] shell]# netstat -ntap | grep 12000 //查看magent端口
tcp 0 0 192.168.144.188:12000 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 11660/magent
开启主服务器memcached
[[email protected] shell]# memcached -m 512k -u root -d -l 192.168.144.238 -p 11211 //启动主,-m指定空间大小
[[email protected] shell]# netstat -ntap | grep 11211
tcp 0 0 192.168.144.238:11211 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 44647/memcached
开启从服务器memecached
[[email protected] shell]# memcached -m 512k -u root -d -l 192.168.144.239 -p 11211 #启动从
[[email protected] shell]# netstat -ntap | grep 11211
tcp 0 0 192.168.144.239:11211 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 42654/memcached
客户端中验证用telnet去连接memcached 内存数据库
[[email protected] ~]# telnet 192.168.144.188 12000
Trying 192.168.144.188...
Connected to 192.168.144.188.
Escape character is ‘^]‘.
add username 0 0 7 //编写键值对数据
1234567
STORED
查看主服务器查看数据有没有
[[email protected] shell]# telnet 192.168.144.238 11211
Trying 192.168.144.238...
Connected to 192.168.144.238.
Escape character is ‘^]‘.
geer^H^H
ERROR
get username
VALUE username 0 7
1234567
END
验证从服务器数据有没有同步
[[email protected] shell]# telnet 192.168.144.239 11211
Trying 192.168.144.239...
Connected to 192.168.144.239.
Escape character is ‘^]‘.
get username
VALUE username 0 7
1234567
END