本人之前写了一套基于unnitest框架的UI自动化框架,但是发现了pytest框架之后觉得unnitest太low,现在重头开始学pytest框架,一边学习一边记录,和大家分享,话不多说,那就先从pytest框架的精髓fixture说起吧!
简介:
fixture区别于unnitest的传统单元测试(setup/teardown)有显著改进:
1.有独立的命名,并通过声明它们从测试函数、模块、类或整个项目中的使用来激活。
2.按模块化的方式实现,每个fixture都可以互相调用。
3.fixture的范围从简单的单元测试到复杂的功能测试,可以对fixture配置参数,或者跨函数function,类class,模块module或整个测试session范围。
(很重要!!!)(很重要!!!)(很重要!!!)
谨记:当我们使用pytest框架写case的时候,一定要拿它的命令规范去case,这样框架才能识别到哪些case需要执行,哪些不需要执行。
用例设计原则
文件名以test_*.py文件和*_test.py
以test_开头的函数
以Test开头的类
以test_开头的方法
fixture可以当做参数传入
定义fixture跟定义普通函数差不多,唯一区别就是在函数上加个装饰器@pytest.fixture(),fixture命名不要以test开头,跟用例区分开。fixture是有返回值得,没有返回值默认为None。用例调用fixture的返回值,直接就是把fixture的函数名称当做变量名称。
ex:
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import pytest
@pytest .fixture()
def test1():
a = 'leo'
return a
def test2(test1):
assert test1 = = 'leo'
if __name__ = = '__main__' :
pytest.main( '-q test_fixture.py' )
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输出:
============================= test session starts =============================
platform win32 -- Python 3.7.0, pytest-4.0.2, py-1.7.0, pluggy-0.8.0
rootdir: C:\Program Files\PycharmProjects\exercise, inifile:collected 1 itemtest_fixture.py . [100%]
========================== 1 passed in 0.02 seconds ===========================
Process finished with exit code 0
使用多个fixture
如果用例需要用到多个fixture的返回数据,fixture也可以返回一个元祖,list或字典,然后从里面取出对应数据。
ex:
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import pytest
@pytest .fixture()
def test1():
a = 'leo'
b = '123456'
print ( '传出a,b' )
return (a, b)
def test2(test1):
u = test1[ 0 ]
p = test1[ 1 ]
assert u = = 'leo'
assert p = = '123456'
print ( '元祖形式正确' )
if __name__ = = '__main__' :
pytest.main( '-q test_fixture.py' )
输出结果:
platform win32 - - Python 3.7 . 0 , pytest - 4.0 . 2 , py - 1.7 . 0 , pluggy - 0.8 . 0
rootdir: C:\Program Files\PycharmProjects\exercise, inifile:collected 1 item
test_fixture.py 传出a,b
.元祖形式正确
[ 100 % ]
= = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = 1 passed in 0.02 seconds = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =
Process finished with exit code 0
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当然也可以分成多个fixture,然后在用例中传多个fixture参数
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import pytest
@pytest .fixture()
def test1():
a = 'leo'
print ( '\n传出a' )
return a
@pytest .fixture()
def test2():
b = '123456'
print ( '传出b' )
return b
def test3(test1, test2):
u = test1
p = test2
assert u = = 'leo'
assert p = = '123456'
print ( '传入多个fixture参数正确' )
if __name__ = = '__main__' :
pytest.main( '-q test_fixture.py' )
输出结果:
= = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = test session starts = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =
platform win32 - - Python 3.7 . 0 , pytest - 4.0 . 2 , py - 1.7 . 0 , pluggy - 0.8 . 0
rootdir: C:\Program Files\PycharmProjects\exercise, inifile:collected 1 item
test_fixture.py
传出a
传出b
.传入多个fixture参数正确
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fixture互相调用
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import pytest
@pytest .fixture()
def test1():
a = 'leo'
print ( '\n传出a' )
return a
def test2(test1):
assert test1 = = 'leo'
print ( 'fixture传参成功' )
if __name__ = = '__main__' :
pytest.main( '-q test_fixture.py' )
输出结果:
platform win32 - - Python 3.7 . 0 , pytest - 4.0 . 2 , py - 1.7 . 0 , pluggy - 0.8 . 0
rootdir: C:\Program Files\PycharmProjects\exercise, inifile:collected 1 item
test_fixture.py
传出a
.fixture传参成功
[ 100 % ]
= = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = 1 passed in 0.03 seconds = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =
Process finished with exit code 0
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介绍完了fixture的使用方式,现在介绍一下fixture的作用范围(scope)
fixture的作用范围
fixture里面有个scope参数可以控制fixture的作用范围:session>module>class>function
-function:每一个函数或方法都会调用
-class:每一个类调用一次,一个类中可以有多个方法
-module:每一个.py文件调用一次,该文件内又有多个function和class
-session:是多个文件调用一次,可以跨.py文件调用,每个.py文件就是module
fixture源码详解
fixture(scope='function',params=None,autouse=False,ids=None,name=None):
scope:有四个级别参数"function"(默认),"class","module","session"
params:一个可选的参数列表,它将导致多个参数调用fixture功能和所有测试使用它。
autouse:如果True,则为所有测试激活fixture func可以看到它。如果为False则显示需要参考来激活fixture
ids:每个字符串id的列表,每个字符串对应于params这样他们就是测试ID的一部分。如果没有提供ID它们将从params自动生成
name:fixture的名称。这默认为装饰函数的名称。如果fixture在定义它的统一模块中使用,夹具的功能名称将被请求夹具的功能arg遮蔽,解决这个问题的一种方法时将装饰函数命令"fixture_<fixturename>"然后使用"@pytest.fixture(name='<fixturename>')"。
具体阐述一下scope四个参数的范围
scope="function"
@pytest.fixture()如果不写参数,参数就是scope="function",它的作用范围是每个测试用例来之前运行一次,销毁代码在测试用例之后运行。
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import pytest
@pytest .fixture()
def test1():
a = 'leo'
print ( '\n传出a' )
return a
@pytest .fixture(scope = 'function' )
def test2():
b = '男'
print ( '\n传出b' )
return b
def test3(test1):
name = 'leo'
print ( '找到name' )
assert test1 = = name
def test4(test2):
sex = '男'
print ( '找到sex' )
assert test2 = = sex
if __name__ = = '__main__' :
pytest.main( '-q test_fixture.py' )
输出结果:
platform win32 - - Python 3.7 . 0 , pytest - 4.0 . 2 , py - 1.7 . 0 , pluggy - 0.8 . 0
rootdir: C:\Program Files\PycharmProjects\exercise, inifile:collected 2 items
test_fixture.py
传出a
.找到name
传出b
.找到sex
[ 100 % ]
= = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = 2 passed in 0.04 seconds = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =
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放在类中实现结果也是一样的
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import pytest
@pytest .fixture()
def test1():
a = 'leo'
print ( '\n传出a' )
return a
@pytest .fixture(scope = 'function' )
def test2():
b = '男'
print ( '\n传出b' )
return b
class TestCase:
def test3( self , test1):
name = 'leo'
print ( '找到name' )
assert test1 = = name
def test4( self , test2):
sex = '男'
print ( '找到sex' )
assert test2 = = sex
if __name__ = = '__main__' :
pytest.main([ '-s' , 'test_fixture.py' ])
输出结果:
platform win32 - - Python 3.7 . 0 , pytest - 4.0 . 2 , py - 1.7 . 0 , pluggy - 0.8 . 0
rootdir: C:\Program Files\PycharmProjects\exercise, inifile:collected 2 items
test_fixture.py
传出a
.找到name
传出b
.找到sex
[ 100 % ]
= = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = 2 passed in 0.03 seconds = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =
Process finished with exit code 0
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scope="class"
fixture为class级别的时候,如果一个class里面有多个用例,都调用了次fixture,那么此fixture只在此class里所有用例开始前执行一次。
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import pytest
@pytest .fixture(scope = 'class' )
def test1():
b = '男'
print ( '传出了%s, 且只在class里所有用例开始前执行一次!!!' % b)
return b
class TestCase:
def test3( self , test1):
name = '男'
print ( '找到name' )
assert test1 = = name
def test4( self , test1):
sex = '男'
print ( '找到sex' )
assert test1 = = sex
if __name__ = = '__main__' :
pytest.main([ '-s' , 'test_fixture.py' ])
输出结果:
platform win32 - - Python 3.7 . 0 , pytest - 4.0 . 2 , py - 1.7 . 0 , pluggy - 0.8 . 0
rootdir: C:\Program Files\PycharmProjects\exercise, inifile:collected 2 items
test_fixture.py 传出了男, 且只在 class 里所有用例开始前执行一次!!!
.找到name
.找到sex
[ 100 % ]
= = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = 2 passed in 0.05 seconds = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =
Process finished with exit code 0
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scope="module"
fixture为module时,在当前.py脚本里面所有用例开始前只执行一次。
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import pytest
##test_fixture.py
@pytest .fixture(scope = 'module' )
def test1():
b = '男'
print ( '传出了%s, 且在当前py文件下执行一次!!!' % b)
return b
def test3(test1):
name = '男'
print ( '找到name' )
assert test1 = = name
class TestCase:
def test4( self , test1):
sex = '男'
print ( '找到sex' )
assert test1 = = sex
if __name__ = = '__main__' :
pytest.main([ '-s' , 'test_fixture.py' ])
输出结果:
= = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = test session starts = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =
platform win32 - - Python 3.7 . 0 , pytest - 4.0 . 2 , py - 1.7 . 0 , pluggy - 0.8 . 0
rootdir: C:\Program Files\PycharmProjects\exercise, inifile:collected 2 items
test_fixture.py 传出了男, 且在当前py文件下执行一次!!!
.找到sex
.找到name
[ 100 % ]
= = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = 2 passed in 0.03 seconds = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =
Process finished with exit code 0
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scope="session"
fixture为session级别是可以跨.py模块调用的,也就是当我们有多个.py文件的用例的时候,如果多个用例只需调用一次fixture,那就可以设置为scope="session",并且写到conftest.py文件里。
conftest.py文件名称时固定的,pytest会自动识别该文件。放到项目的根目录下就可以全局调用了,如果放到某个package下,那就在改package内有效。
文件目录为
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import pytest
# conftest.py
@pytest .fixture(scope = 'session' )
def test1():
sex = '男'
print ( '获取到%s' % sex)
return sex
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import pytest
# test_fixture.py
def test3(test1):
name = '男'
print ( '找到name' )
assert test1 = = name
if __name__ = = '__main__' :
pytest.main([ '-s' , 'test_fixture.py' ])
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import pytest
# test_fixture1.py
class TestCase:
def test4( self , test1):
sex = '男'
print ( '找到sex' )
assert test1 = = sex
if __name__ = = '__main__' :
pytest.main([ '-s' , 'test_fixture1.py' ])
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如果需要同时执行两个py文件,可以在cmd中在文件py文件所在目录下执行命令:pytest -s test_fixture.py test_fixture1.py
执行结果为:
================================================= test session starts =================================================
platform win32 -- Python 3.7.0, pytest-4.0.2, py-1.7.0, pluggy-0.8.0
rootdir: C:\Program Files\PycharmProjects\exercise, inifile:
collected 2 itemstest_fixture.py 获取到男
找到name
.
test_fixture1.py 找到sex
.============================================== 2 passed in 0.05 seconds ===============================================
调用fixture的三种方法
1.函数或类里面方法直接传fixture的函数参数名称
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import pytest
# test_fixture1.py
@pytest .fixture()
def test1():
print ( '\n开始执行function' )
def test_a(test1):
print ( '---用例a执行---' )
class TestCase:
def test_b( self , test1):
print ( '---用例b执行' )
输出结果:
test_fixture1.py
开始执行function
. - - - 用例a执行 - - -
开始执行function
. - - - 用例b执行
[ 100 % ]
= = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = 2 passed in 0.05 seconds = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =
Process finished with exit code 0
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2.使用装饰器@pytest.mark.usefixtures()修饰需要运行的用例
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import pytest
# test_fixture1.py
@pytest .fixture()
def test1():
print ( '\n开始执行function' )
@pytest .mark.usefixtures( 'test1' )
def test_a():
print ( '---用例a执行---' )
@pytest .mark.usefixtures( 'test1' )
class TestCase:
def test_b( self ):
print ( '---用例b执行---' )
def test_c( self ):
print ( '---用例c执行---' )
if __name__ = = '__main__' :
pytest.main([ '-s' , 'test_fixture1.py' ])
输出结果:
platform win32 - - Python 3.7 . 0 , pytest - 4.0 . 2 , py - 1.7 . 0 , pluggy - 0.8 . 0
rootdir: C:\Program Files\PycharmProjects\exercise, inifile:collected 3 items
test_fixture1.py
开始执行function
. - - - 用例a执行 - - -
开始执行function
. - - - 用例b执行 - - -
开始执行function
. - - - 用例c执行 - - -
[ 100 % ]
= = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = 3 passed in 0.06 seconds = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =
Process finished with exit code 0
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叠加usefixtures
如果一个方法或者一个class用例想要同时调用多个fixture,可以使用@pytest.mark.usefixture()进行叠加。注意叠加顺序,先执行的放底层,后执行的放上层。
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import pytest
# test_fixture1.py
@pytest .fixture()
def test1():
print ( '\n开始执行function1' )
@pytest .fixture()
def test2():
print ( '\n开始执行function2' )
@pytest .mark.usefixtures( 'test1' )
@pytest .mark.usefixtures( 'test2' )
def test_a():
print ( '---用例a执行---' )
@pytest .mark.usefixtures( 'test2' )
@pytest .mark.usefixtures( 'test1' )
class TestCase:
def test_b( self ):
print ( '---用例b执行---' )
def test_c( self ):
print ( '---用例c执行---' )
if __name__ = = '__main__' :
pytest.main([ '-s' , 'test_fixture1.py' ])
输出结果:
= = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = test session starts = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =
platform win32 - - Python 3.7 . 0 , pytest - 4.0 . 2 , py - 1.7 . 0 , pluggy - 0.8 . 0
rootdir: C:\Program Files\PycharmProjects\exercise, inifile:collected 3 items
test_fixture1.py
开始执行function2
开始执行function1
. - - - 用例a执行 - - -
开始执行function1
开始执行function2
. - - - 用例b执行 - - -
开始执行function1
开始执行function2
. - - - 用例c执行 - - -
[ 100 % ]
= = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = 3 passed in 0.03 seconds = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =
Process finished with exit code 0
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usefixtures与传fixture区别
如果fixture有返回值,那么usefixture就无法获取到返回值,这个是装饰器usefixture与用例直接传fixture参数的区别。
当fixture需要用到return出来的参数时,只能讲参数名称直接当参数传入,不需要用到return出来的参数时,两种方式都可以。
fixture自动使用autouse=True
当用例很多的时候,每次都传这个参数,会很麻烦。fixture里面有个参数autouse,默认是False没开启的,可以设置为True开启自动使用fixture功能,这样用例就不用每次都去传参了
autouse设置为True,自动调用fixture功能
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import pytest
# test_fixture1.py
@pytest .fixture(scope = 'module' , autouse = True )
def test1():
print ( '\n开始执行module' )
@pytest .fixture(scope = 'class' , autouse = True )
def test2():
print ( '\n开始执行class' )
@pytest .fixture(scope = 'function' , autouse = True )
def test3():
print ( '\n开始执行function' )
def test_a():
print ( '---用例a执行---' )
def test_d():
print ( '---用例d执行---' )
class TestCase:
def test_b( self ):
print ( '---用例b执行---' )
def test_c( self ):
print ( '---用例c执行---' )
if __name__ = = '__main__' :
pytest.main([ '-s' , 'test_fixture1.py' ])
输出结果:
= = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = test session starts = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =
platform win32 - - Python 3.7 . 0 , pytest - 4.0 . 2 , py - 1.7 . 0 , pluggy - 0.8 . 0
rootdir: C:\Program Files\PycharmProjects\exercise, inifile:collected 4 items
test_fixture1.py
开始执行module
开始执行 class
开始执行function
. - - - 用例a执行 - - -
开始执行 class
开始执行function
. - - - 用例d执行 - - -
开始执行 class
开始执行function
. - - - 用例b执行 - - -
开始执行function
. - - - 用例c执行 - - -
[ 100 % ]
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conftest.py的作用范围
一个工程下可以建多个conftest.py的文件,一般在工程根目录下设置的conftest文件起到全局作用。在不同子目录下也可以放conftest.py的文件,作用范围只能在改层级以及以下目录生效。
项目实例:
目录结构:
1.conftest在不同的层级间的作用域不一样
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# conftest层级展示/conftest.py
import pytest
@pytest .fixture(scope = 'session' , autouse = True )
def login():
print ( '----准备登录----' )
# conftest层级展示/sougou_login/conftest
import pytest
@pytest .fixture(scope = 'session' , autouse = True )
def bai_du():
print ( '-----登录百度页面-----' )
# conftest层级展示/sougou_login/login_website
import pytest
class TestCase:
def test_login( self ):
print ( 'hhh,成功登录百度' )
if __name__ = = '__main__' :
pytest.main([ '-s' , 'login_website.py' ])
输出结果:
= = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = test session starts = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =
platform win32 - - Python 3.7 . 0 , pytest - 4.0 . 2 , py - 1.7 . 0 , pluggy - 0.8 . 0
rootdir: C:\Program Files\PycharmProjects\conftest层级演示\sougou_login, inifile:collected 1 item
login_website.py - - - - 准备登录 - - - -
- - - - - 登录百度页面 - - - - -
.hhh,成功登录百度
[ 100 % ]
= = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = 1 passed in 0.03 seconds = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =
Process finished with exit code 0
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2.conftest是不能跨模块调用的(这里没有使用模块调用)
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# conftest层级演示/log/contfest.py
import pytest
@pytest .fixture(scope = 'function' , autouse = True )
def log_web():
print ( '打印页面日志成功' )
# conftest层级演示/log/log_website.py
import pytest
def test_web():
print ( 'hhh,成功一次打印日志' )
def test_web1():
print ( 'hhh,成功两次打印日志' )
if __name__ = = '__main__' :
pytest.main([ '-s' , 'log_website.py' ])
输出结果:
= = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = test session starts = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =
platform win32 - - Python 3.7 . 0 , pytest - 4.0 . 2 , py - 1.7 . 0 , pluggy - 0.8 . 0
rootdir: C:\Program Files\PycharmProjects\conftest层级演示\log, inifile:
collected 2 items
log_website.py - - - - 准备登录 - - - -
打印页面日志成功
hhh,成功一次打印日志
.打印页面日志成功
hhh,成功两次打印日志
.
= = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = 2 passed in 0.02 seconds = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =
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原文链接:https://www.cnblogs.com/huizaia/p/10331469.html