日期和时间函数:
MySQL服务器中的三种时区设置:
①系统时区---保存在系统变量system_time_zone
②服务器时区---保存在全局系统变量global.time_zone
③每个客户端连接的时区---保存在会话变量session.time_zone
1、NOW([fsp]):返回服务器的当前日期和时间(fsp指定小数秒的精度,取值0--6)
格式:
‘YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS’或者‘YYYYMMDDHHMMSS’
now()的显示格式是‘YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS’
now()+0的显示格式是‘YYYYMMDDHHMMSS’
mysql> select now(); +---------------------+ | now() | +---------------------+ | 2019-01-14 13:53:34 | +---------------------+ mysql> select now()+0; +----------------+ | now()+0 | +----------------+ | 20190114135428 | +----------------+
mysql> select now(6); //指定小数秒的精度
+----------------------------+
| now(6) |
+----------------------------+
| 2019-01-14 13:55:46.658198 |
+----------------------------+
now()函数的同义词有:CURRENT_TIMESTAMP 、 CURRENT_TIMESTAMP()、LOCALTIMESTAMP 、 LOCALTIMESTAMP()、LOCALTIME 、 LOCALTIME()
注意:
SYSDATE( ):返回服务器的当前日期和时间
与now的不同点:(一般使用NOW而不用SYSDATE)
①SYSDATE()返回的是函数执行时的时间
②now()返回的是语句执行时的时间
mysql> select now(),sleep(2),now(); +---------------------+----------+---------------------+ | now() | sleep(2) | now() | +---------------------+----------+---------------------+ | 2019-01-14 13:01:39 | 0 | 2019-01-14 13:01:39 | +---------------------+----------+---------------------+ 1 row in set (2.00 sec) mysql> select sysdate(),sleep(2),sysdate(); +---------------------+----------+---------------------+ | sysdate() | sleep(2) | sysdate() | +---------------------+----------+---------------------+ | 2019-01-14 13:02:01 | 0 | 2019-01-14 13:02:03 | +---------------------+----------+---------------------+ 1 row in set (2.05 sec)
2、CURTIME([fsp]):返回当前时间,只包含时分秒(fsp指定小数秒的精度,取值0--6)
格式:
‘YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS’或者‘YYYYMMDDHHMMSS’
mysql> select curtime(),curtime(2); +-----------+-------------+ | curtime() | curtime(2) | +-----------+-------------+ | 13:35:23 | 13:35:23.90 | +-----------+-------------+
同义词有:CURRENT_TIME 、 CURRENT_TIME()
3、CURDATE():返回当前日期,只包含年月日
格式:
‘YYYY-MM-DD’或者‘YYYYMMDD’
mysql> select curdate(),curdate()+2; +------------+-------------+ | curdate() | curdate()+2 | +------------+-------------+ | 2019-01-14 | 20190116 | +------------+-------------+ mysql> select curdate(),curdate()+0; +------------+-------------+ | curdate() | curdate()+0 | +------------+-------------+ | 2019-01-14 | 20190114 | +------------+-------------+
同义词有: CURRENT_DATE 、CURRENT_DATE()
4、TIMEDIFF(expr1, expr2):返回两个日期相减(expr1 − expr2 )相差的时间数(两个参数类型必须相同)
mysql> select timediff('18:32:59','60000'); +------------------------------+ | timediff('18:32:59','60000') | +------------------------------+ | 12:32:59 | +------------------------------+ mysql> select timediff('18:32:59','2019-1-1 60000'); +---------------------------------------+ | timediff('18:32:59','2019-1-1 30000') | +---------------------------------------+ | NULL | +---------------------------------------+
DATEDIFF(expr1, expr2):返回两个日期相减(expr1 − expr2 )相差的天数
mysql> select datediff('2019-01-14 14:32:59','2019-01-02'); +-------------------------------------------+ | datediff('2019-01-14 14:32:59','2019-01-02') | +-------------------------------------------+ | 12 | +-------------------------------------------+
5、日期时间运算函数:分别为给定的日期date加上(add)或减去(sub)一个时间间隔值expr
格式:
DATE_ADD(date, INTERVAL expr unit);
DATE_SUB(date, INTERVAL expr unit);
interval是间隔类型关键字
expr是一个表达式,对应后面的类型
unit是时间间隔的单位(间隔类型)(20个),如下:
HOUR |
小时 |
MINUTE |
分 |
SECOND |
秒 |
MICROSECOND |
毫秒 |
YEAR |
年 |
MONTH |
月 |
DAY |
日 |
WEEK |
周 |
QUARTER |
季 |
YEAR_MONTH |
年和月 |
DAY_HOUR |
日和小时 |
DAY_MINUTE |
日和分钟 |
DAY_ SECOND |
日和秒 |
HOUR_MINUTE |
小时和分 |
HOUR_SECOND |
小时和秒 |
MINUTE_SECOND |
分钟和秒 |
mysql> select now(),date_add(now(),interval 1 day); #加一天 +---------------------+--------------------------------+ | now() | date_add(now(),interval 1 day) | +---------------------+--------------------------------+ | 2019-01-14 14:53:08 | 2019-01-15 14:53:08 | +---------------------+--------------------------------+ mysql> SELECT date_sub('2005-01-01 00:00:00',INTERVAL '1 1:1:1' DAY_SECOND); #减1天1小时1分1秒 +---------------------------------------------------------------+ | date_sub('2019-01-03 00:00:00',INTERVAL '1 1:1:1' DAY_SECOND) | +---------------------------------------------------------------+ | 2019-01-01 22:58:59 | +--------------------------------------------------------------
6、选取日期时间的各个部分:日期、时间、年、季度、月、日、小时、分钟、秒、微秒(常用)
SELECT now(),date(now()); -- 日期
SELECT now(),time(now()); -- 时间
SELECT now(),year(now()); -- 年
SELECT now(),quarter(now()); -- 季度
SELECT now(),month(now()); -- 月
SELECT now(),week(now()); -- 周
SELECT now(),day(now()); -- 日
SELECT now(),hour(now()); -- 小时
SELECT now(),minute(now()); -- 分钟
SELECT now(),second(now()); -- 秒
SELECT now(),microsecond(now()); -- 微秒
EXTRACT(unit FROM date):从日期中抽取出某个单独的部分或组合
SELECT now(),extract(YEAR FROM now()); -- 年
SELECT now(),extract(QUARTER FROM now()); -- 季度
SELECT now(),extract(MONTH FROM now()); -- 月
SELECT now(),extract(WEEK FROM now()); -- 周
SELECT now(),extract(DAY FROM now()); -- 日
SELECT now(),extract(HOUR FROM now()); -- 小时
SELECT now(),extract(MINUTE FROM now()); -- 分钟
SELECT now(),extract(SECOND FROM now()); -- 秒
SELECT now(),extract(YEAR_MONTH FROM now()); -- 年月
SELECT now(),extract(HOUR_MINUTE FROM now()); -- 时分
7、个性化显示时间日期
dayofweek(date)
dayofmonth(date)
dayofyear(date)
##分别返回日期在一周、一月、一年中是第几天
mysql> SELECT now(),dayofweek(now()); +---------------------+------------------+ | now() | dayofweek(now()) | +---------------------+------------------+ | 2019-01-14 14:25:41 | 2 | +---------------------+------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> SELECT now(),dayofmonth(now()); +---------------------+-------------------+ | now() | dayofmonth(now()) | +---------------------+-------------------+ | 2019-01-14 14:25:51 | 14 | +---------------------+-------------------+ 1 row in set (0.03 sec) mysql> select now(),dayofyear(now()); +---------------------+------------------+ | now() | dayofyear(now()) | +---------------------+------------------+ | 2019-01-14 14:26:00 | 14 | +---------------------+------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
dayname()
monthname()
##分别返回日期的星期和月份名称
名称是中文or英文的由系统变量lc_time_names控制(默认值是'en_US')
mysql> show variables like 'lc_time_names'; +---------------+-------+ | Variable_name | Value | +---------------+-------+ | lc_time_names | en_US | +---------------+-------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select dayname(now()),monthname(now()); +----------------+------------------+ | dayname(now()) | monthname(now()) | +----------------+------------------+ | Monday | January | +----------------+------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> set lc_time_names='zh_CN'; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) mysql> select dayname(now()),monthname(now()); +----------------+------------------+ | dayname(now()) | monthname(now()) | +----------------+------------------+ | 星期一 | 一月 | +----------------+------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)