pymysql
pymsql是Python中操作MySQL的模块，其使用方法和MySQLdb几乎相同
一、下载安装
pip3 install pymysql
二、操作使用
1、执行SQL
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import pymysql # 创建连接
conn = pymysql.connect(host='127.0.0.1', port=3306, user='root', passwd='', db='t1')
# 创建游标
cursor = conn.cursor() # 执行SQL，并返回收影响行数
effect_row = cursor.execute("update hosts set host = '1.1.1.2'") # 执行SQL，并返回受影响行数
#effect_row = cursor.execute("update hosts set host = '1.1.1.2' where nid > %s", (1,)) # 执行SQL，并返回受影响行数
#effect_row = cursor.executemany("insert into hosts(host,color_id)values(%s,%s)", [("1.1.1.11",1),("1.1.1.11",2)]) # 提交，不然无法保存新建或者修改的数据
conn.commit() # 关闭游标
cursor.close()
# 关闭连接
conn.close()
2、获取新创建数据自增ID
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import pymysql conn = pymysql.connect(host='127.0.0.1', port=3306, user='root', passwd='', db='t1')
cursor = conn.cursor()
cursor.executemany("insert into hosts(host,color_id)values(%s,%s)", [("1.1.1.11",1),("1.1.1.11",2)])
conn.commit()
cursor.close()
conn.close() # 获取最新自增ID
new_id = cursor.lastrowid
3、获取查询数据
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import pymysql conn = pymysql.connect(host='127.0.0.1', port=3306, user='root', passwd='', db='t1')
cursor = conn.cursor()
cursor.execute("select * from hosts") # 获取第一行数据
row_1 = cursor.fetchone() # 获取前n行数据
# row_2 = cursor.fetchmany(3)
# 获取所有数据
# row_3 = cursor.fetchall() conn.commit()
cursor.close()
conn.close()
注：在fetch数据时按照顺序进行，可以使用cursor.scroll(num,mode)来移动游标位置，如：
- cursor.scroll(1,mode='relative') # 相对当前位置移动
- cursor.scroll(2,mode='absolute') # 相对绝对位置移动
4、fetch数据类型关于默认获取的数据是元祖类型，如果想要或者字典类型的数据，即：
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import pymysql conn = pymysql.connect(host='127.0.0.1', port=3306, user='root', passwd='', db='t1') # 游标设置为字典类型
cursor = conn.cursor(cursor=pymysql.cursors.DictCursor)
r = cursor.execute("call p1()") result = cursor.fetchone() conn.commit()
cursor.close()
conn.close()
SQLAlchemy
SQLAlchemy是Python编程语言下的一款ORM框架，该框架建立在数据库API之上，使用关系对象映射进行数据库操作，简言之便是：将对象转换成SQL，然后使用数据API执行SQL并获取执行结果。
安装：
pip3 install SQLAlchemy
SQLAlchemy本身无法操作数据库，其必须以来pymsql等第三方插件，Dialect用于和数据API进行交流，根据配置文件的不同调用不同的数据库API，从而实现对数据库的操作，如：
MySQL-Python
mysql+mysqldb://<user>:<password>@<host>[:<port>]/<dbname> pymysql
mysql+pymysql://<username>:<password>@<host>/<dbname>[?<options>] MySQL-Connector
mysql+mysqlconnector://<user>:<password>@<host>[:<port>]/<dbname> cx_Oracle
oracle+cx_oracle://user:pass@host:port/dbname[?key=value&key=value...] 更多详见：http://docs.sqlalchemy.org/en/latest/dialects/index.html
一、内部处理
使用 Engine/ConnectionPooling/Dialect 进行数据库操作，Engine使用ConnectionPooling连接数据库，然后再通过Dialect执行SQL语句。
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from sqlalchemy import create_engine engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/t1", max_overflow=5) # 执行SQL
# cur = engine.execute(
# "INSERT INTO hosts (host, color_id) VALUES ('1.1.1.22', 3)"
# ) # 新插入行自增ID
# cur.lastrowid # 执行SQL
# cur = engine.execute(
# "INSERT INTO hosts (host, color_id) VALUES(%s, %s)",[('1.1.1.22', 3),('1.1.1.221', 3),]
# ) # 执行SQL
# cur = engine.execute(
# "INSERT INTO hosts (host, color_id) VALUES (%(host)s, %(color_id)s)",
# host='1.1.1.99', color_id=3
# ) # 执行SQL
# cur = engine.execute('select * from hosts')
# 获取第一行数据
# cur.fetchone()
# 获取第n行数据
# cur.fetchmany(3)
# 获取所有数据
# cur.fetchall()
二、ORM功能使用
使用 ORM/Schema Type/SQL Expression Language/Engine/ConnectionPooling/Dialect 所有组件对数据进行操作。根据类创建对象，对象转换成SQL，执行SQL。
1、创建表
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, ForeignKey, UniqueConstraint, Index
from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker, relationship
from sqlalchemy import create_engine engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/t1", max_overflow=5) Base = declarative_base() # 创建单表
class Users(Base):
__tablename__ = 'users'
id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
name = Column(String(32))
extra = Column(String(16)) __table_args__ = (
UniqueConstraint('id', 'name', name='uix_id_name'),
Index('ix_id_name', 'name', 'extra'),
) # 一对多
class Favor(Base):
__tablename__ = 'favor'
nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
caption = Column(String(50), default='red', unique=True) class Person(Base):
__tablename__ = 'person'
nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
name = Column(String(32), index=True, nullable=True)
favor_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey("favor.nid")) # 多对多
class Group(Base):
__tablename__ = 'group'
id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
name = Column(String(64), unique=True, nullable=False)
port = Column(Integer, default=22) class Server(Base):
__tablename__ = 'server' id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)
hostname = Column(String(64), unique=True, nullable=False) class ServerToGroup(Base):
__tablename__ = 'servertogroup'
nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)
server_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('server.id'))
group_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('group.id')) def init_db():
Base.metadata.create_all(engine) def drop_db():
Base.metadata.drop_all(engine)
注：设置外检的另一种方式 ForeignKeyConstraint(['other_id'], ['othertable.other_id'])
2、操作表
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, ForeignKey, UniqueConstraint, Index
from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker, relationship
from sqlalchemy import create_engine engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/t1", max_overflow=5) Base = declarative_base() # 创建单表
class Users(Base):
__tablename__ = 'users'
id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
name = Column(String(32))
extra = Column(String(16)) __table_args__ = (
UniqueConstraint('id', 'name', name='uix_id_name'),
Index('ix_id_name', 'name', 'extra'),
) def __repr__(self):
return "%s-%s" %(self.id, self.name) # 一对多
class Favor(Base):
__tablename__ = 'favor'
nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
caption = Column(String(50), default='red', unique=True) def __repr__(self):
return "%s-%s" %(self.nid, self.caption) class Person(Base):
__tablename__ = 'person'
nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
name = Column(String(32), index=True, nullable=True)
favor_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey("favor.nid"))
# 与生成表结构无关，仅用于查询方便
favor = relationship("Favor", backref='pers') # 多对多
class ServerToGroup(Base):
__tablename__ = 'servertogroup'
nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)
server_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('server.id'))
group_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('group.id'))
group = relationship("Group", backref='s2g')
server = relationship("Server", backref='s2g') class Group(Base):
__tablename__ = 'group'
id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
name = Column(String(64), unique=True, nullable=False)
port = Column(Integer, default=22)
# group = relationship('Group',secondary=ServerToGroup,backref='host_list') class Server(Base):
__tablename__ = 'server' id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)
hostname = Column(String(64), unique=True, nullable=False) def init_db():
Base.metadata.create_all(engine) def drop_db():
Base.metadata.drop_all(engine) Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)
session = Session()
表结构加数据库连接
obj = Users(name="alex0", extra='sb')
session.add(obj)
session.add_all([
Users(name="alex1", extra='sb'),
Users(name="alex2", extra='sb'),
])
session.commit()
增
session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 2).delete()
session.commit()
删
session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 2).update({"name" : ""})
session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 2).update({Users.name: Users.name + ""}, synchronize_session=False)
session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 2).update({"num": Users.num + 1}, synchronize_session="evaluate")
session.commit()
改
ret = session.query(Users).all()
ret = session.query(Users.name, Users.extra).all()
ret = session.query(Users).filter_by(name='alex').all()
ret = session.query(Users).filter_by(name='alex').first()
查
# 条件
ret = session.query(Users).filter_by(name='alex').all()
ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 1, Users.name == 'eric').all()
ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.id.between(1, 3), Users.name == 'eric').all()
ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.id.in_([1,3,4])).all()
ret = session.query(Users).filter(~Users.id.in_([1,3,4])).all()
ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.id.in_(session.query(Users.id).filter_by(name='eric'))).all()
from sqlalchemy import and_, or_
ret = session.query(Users).filter(and_(Users.id > 3, Users.name == 'eric')).all()
ret = session.query(Users).filter(or_(Users.id < 2, Users.name == 'eric')).all()
ret = session.query(Users).filter(
or_(
Users.id < 2,
and_(Users.name == 'eric', Users.id > 3),
Users.extra != ""
)).all() # 通配符
ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.name.like('e%')).all()
ret = session.query(Users).filter(~Users.name.like('e%')).all() # 限制
ret = session.query(Users)[1:2] # 排序
ret = session.query(Users).order_by(Users.name.desc()).all()
ret = session.query(Users).order_by(Users.name.desc(), Users.id.asc()).all() # 分组
from sqlalchemy.sql import func ret = session.query(Users).group_by(Users.extra).all()
ret = session.query(
func.max(Users.id),
func.sum(Users.id),
func.min(Users.id)).group_by(Users.name).all() ret = session.query(
func.max(Users.id),
func.sum(Users.id),
func.min(Users.id)).group_by(Users.name).having(func.min(Users.id) >2).all() # 连表 ret = session.query(Users, Favor).filter(Users.id == Favor.nid).all() ret = session.query(Person).join(Favor).all() ret = session.query(Person).join(Favor, isouter=True).all() # 组合
q1 = session.query(Users.name).filter(Users.id > 2)
q2 = session.query(Favor.caption).filter(Favor.nid < 2)
ret = q1.union(q2).all() q1 = session.query(Users.name).filter(Users.id > 2)
q2 = session.query(Favor.caption).filter(Favor.nid < 2)
ret = q1.union_all(q2).all()
其他