什么是JDBC
JDBC(Java Database Connectivity),即Java数据库连接,是一种用于执行SQL语句的Java API,可以为多种关系数据库提供同一访问,它由一组用Java语言编写的类和接口组成。JDBC提供了一种基准,根据这种基准可以构建更高级的工具和接口,使数据库开发人员能够编写数据库应用程序。总而言之,JDBC做了三件事:
1、与数据库建立连接
2、发送操作数据库的语句
3、处理结果
JDBC简单示例
下面的代码演示了如何利用JDBC从数据库中查询若干条符合要求的数据出来,使用的数据库是MySql。
1、建立一个数据库和一张表,我的习惯是在CLASSPATH底下建立一个.sql的文件用于存放sql语句
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create database school;
use school;
create table student
(
studentId int primary key auto_increment not null ,
studentName varchar( 10 ) not null ,
studentAge int ,
studentPhone varchar( 15 )
)
insert into student values( null , 'Betty' , '20' , '00000000' );
insert into student values( null , 'Jerry' , '18' , '11111111' );
insert into student values( null , 'Betty' , '21' , '22222222' );
insert into student values( null , 'Steve' , '27' , '33333333' );
insert into student values( null , 'James' , '22' , '44444444' );
commit;
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2、建立一个.properties文件用于存储MySql连接的几个属性。为什么要建立.properties而不在代码里面写死,由于这个并不是Java设计模式的分类,就不细讲了,只需要记住:从设计的角度看,把内容写在配置文件中永远好过把内容写死在代码中。
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mysqlpackage=com.mysql.jdbc.Driver
mysqlurl=jdbc:mysql: //localhost:3306/school?useUnicode=true&characterEncoding=utf-8
mysqlname=root
mysqlpassword=root
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3、根据表字段建立实体类
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public class Student
{
private int studentId;
private String studentName;
private int studentAge;
private String studentPhone;
public Student( int studentId, String studentName, int studentAge,
String studentPhone)
{
this .studentId = studentId;
this .studentName = studentName;
this .studentAge = studentAge;
this .studentPhone = studentPhone;
}
public int getStudentId()
{
return studentId;
}
public String getStudentName()
{
return studentName;
}
public int getStudentAge()
{
return studentAge;
}
public String getStudentPhone()
{
return studentPhone;
}
public String toString()
{
return "studentId = " + studentId + ", studentName = " + studentName + ", studentAge = " +
studentAge + ", studentPhone = " + studentPhone;
}
}
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4、写一个DBConnection类专门用于向外提供数据库连接。我这里用了MySql,所以只有一个mysqlConnection,如果还用到了Oracle,当然还可以向外提供一个oracleConnection。把这些连接设为全局的可能有人会想是否会有线程安全问题,这是一个很好的问题。那因为我们只从Connection里面读取一个PreparedStatement出来,而不会去写它,只读不修改,是不会引发线程安全问题的。另外把Connection设置为static的保证了Connection在内存中只有一份,不会占多大资源,每次使用完不调用close()方法去关闭它也没事。
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public class DBConnection
{
private static Properties properties = new Properties();
static
{
/** 要从CLASSPATH下取.properties文件,因此要加"/" */
InputStream is = DBConnection. class .getResourceAsStream( "/db.properties" );
try
{
properties.load(is);
}
catch (IOException e)
{
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
/** 这个mysqlConnection只是为了用来从里面读一个PreparedStatement,不会往里面写数据,因此没有线程安全问题,可以作为一个全局变量 */
public static Connection mysqlConnection = getConnection();
public static Connection getConnection()
{
Connection con = null ;
try
{
Class.forName((String)properties.getProperty( "mysqlpackage" ));
con = DriverManager.getConnection((String)properties.getProperty( "mysqlurl" ),
(String)properties.getProperty( "mysqlname" ),
(String)properties.getProperty( "mysqlpassword" ));
}
catch (ClassNotFoundException e)
{
e.printStackTrace();
}
catch (SQLException e)
{
e.printStackTrace();
}
return con;
}
}
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5、建立一个工具类,用来写各种方法,专门和数据库进行交互。这种工具类最好搞成单例的,这样就不用每次去new出来了(实际上new出来也没看出来会有什么好处),节省资源
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package com.xrq.test11;
import java.sql.Connection;
import java.sql.PreparedStatement;
import java.sql.ResultSet;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
public class StudentManager
{
private static StudentManager instance = new StudentManager();
private StudentManager()
{
}
public static StudentManager getInstance()
{
return instance;
}
public List<Student> querySomeStudents(String studentName) throws Exception
{
List<Student> studentList = new ArrayList<Student>();
Connection connection = DBConnection.mysqlConnection;
PreparedStatement ps = connection.prepareStatement( "select * from student where studentName = ?" );
ps.setString( 1 , studentName);
ResultSet rs = ps.executeQuery();
Student student = null ;
while (rs.next())
{
student = new Student(rs.getInt( 1 ), rs.getString( 2 ), rs.getInt( 3 ), rs.getString( 4 ));
studentList.add(student);
}
ps.close();
rs.close();
return studentList;
}
}
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6、写个main函数去调用一下
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List<Student> studentList = new ArrayList<Student>();
studentList = StudentManager.getInstance().querySomeStudents( "Betty" );
for (Student student : studentList)
System.out.println(student);
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7、看一下运行结果,和数据库里面的一样,成功
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studentId = 1 , studentName = Betty, studentAge = 20 , studentPhone = 00000000
studentId = 3 , studentName = Betty, studentAge = 21 , studentPhone = 22222222
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为什么要使用占位符"?"
看一下第5点,大家一定注意到了,写sql语句的时候用了"?"占位符,当然有美化代码的因素,不用占位符就要在括号里写"+"来拼接参数,如果要拼接的参数一多,代码肯定不好看,可读性不强。但是除了这个原因,还有另外一个重要的原因,就是避免一个安全问题。假设我们不用占位符写sql语句,那"querySomeStudents(String name) throws Exception"方法就要这么写:
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public List<Student> querySomeStudents(String studentName) throws Exception
{
List<Student> studentList = new ArrayList<Student>();
Connection connection = DBConnection.mysqlConnection;
PreparedStatement ps = connection.prepareStatement( "select * from student where studentName = '" + studentName + "'" );
ResultSet rs = ps.executeQuery();
Student student = null ;
while (rs.next())
{
student = new Student(rs.getInt( 1 ), rs.getString( 2 ), rs.getInt( 3 ), rs.getString( 4 ));
studentList.add(student);
}
ps.close();
rs.close();
return studentList;
}
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上面的main函数一样可以获取到两条数据,但是问题来了,如果我这么调用呢:
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public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception
{
List<Student> studentList = new ArrayList<Student>();
studentList = StudentManager.getInstance().querySomeStudents( "' or '1' = '1" );
for (Student student : studentList)
System.out.println(student);
}
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看下运行结果:
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studentId = 1, studentName = Betty, studentAge = 20, studentPhone = 00000000
studentId = 2, studentName = Jerry, studentAge = 18, studentPhone = 11111111
studentId = 3, studentName = Betty, studentAge = 21, studentPhone = 22222222
studentId = 4, studentName = Steve, studentAge = 27, studentPhone = 33333333
studentId = 5, studentName = James, studentAge = 22, studentPhone = 44444444
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为什么?看下拼接之后的sql语句就知道了:
select * from student where studentName = '' or '1' = '1'
'1'='1'永远成立,所以前面的查询条件是什么都没用。这种问题是有应用场景的,不是随便写一下。Java越来越多的用在Web上,既然是Web,那么查询的时候有一种情况就是用户输入一个条件,后台获取到查询条件,拼接sql语句查数据库,有经验的用户完全可以输入一个"‘'' or '1' = '1",这样就拿到了库里面的所有数据了。
JDBC事物
谈数据库必然离不开事物,事物简单说就是"要么一起成功,要么一起失败"。那简单往前面的StudentManager里面写一个插入学生信息的方法:
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public void addStudent(String studentName, int studentAge, String studentPhone) throws Exception
{
Connection connection = DBConnection.mysqlConnection;
PreparedStatement ps = connection.prepareStatement( "insert into student values(null,?,?,?)" );
ps.setString( 1 , studentName);
ps.setInt( 2 , studentAge);
ps.setString( 3 , studentPhone);
if (ps.executeUpdate() > 0 )
System.out.println( "添加学生信息成功" );
else
System.out.println( "添加学生信息失败" );
}
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public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception
{
StudentManager.getInstance().addStudent( "Betty" , 17 , "55555555" );
}
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运行就不运行了,反正最后结果是"添加学生信息成功",数据库里面多了一条数据。注意一下:
1、增删改用的是executeUpdate()方法,因为增删改认为都是对数据库的更新
2、查询用的是executeQuery()方法,看名字就知道了"Query",查询嘛
可能有人注意到一个问题,就是Java代码在insert后并没有对事物进行commit,数据就添加进数据库了,也能查出来,这是为什么呢?因为JDK的Connection设置了事物的自动提交。如果在addStudent(...)方法里面这么写:
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Connection connection = DBConnection.mysqlConnection;
connection.setAutoCommit( false );
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autoCommit这个属性原来是true,JDK自然会帮助开发者自动提交事物了。OK,如果要改成手动提交事物的代码,那么应该这么写addStudent(...)方法:
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public void addStudent(String studentName, int studentAge, String studentPhone) throws Exception
{
Connection connection = DBConnection.mysqlConnection;
connection.setAutoCommit( false );
PreparedStatement ps = connection.prepareStatement( "insert into student values(null,?,?,?)" );
ps.setString( 1 , studentName);
ps.setInt( 2 , studentAge);
ps.setString( 3 , studentPhone);
try
{
ps.executeUpdate();
connection.commit();
}
catch (Exception e)
{
e.printStackTrace();
connection.rollback();
}
}
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要记得抛异常的时候利用rollback()方法回滚掉事物。
以上就是本文的全部内容,希望本文的内容对大家的学习或者工作能带来一定的帮助,同时也希望多多支持服务器之家!
原文链接:http://www.cnblogs.com/xrq730/p/4851648.html