一、前言
在部署项目前,你已有一个能够在你本机测试过,能正常启动的Django项目(毕竟本文主要讲解部署Django项目),以及掌握了Linux系统的一些基本命令。
相关链接:
二、WSGI、uWSGI、uwsgi详解
WSGI:(Web Server Gateway Interface)服务器网关接口,是一种协议。要实现WSGI协议,必须同时实现Web服务器和Web应用,因为它描述的是Web服务器(如nginx、uWSGI等服务器)如何与Web应用(如用Django框架写的程序)进行通信。
uWSGI:是一个Web服务器,实现了WSGI协议、uwsgi协议、http协议等。它要做的就是把http协议转化成语言支持的网络协议。比如把http协议转化成WSGI协议,让Python可以直接使用。 Nginx中HttpUwsgiModule的作用是与uWSGI服务器进行交换。
uwsgi:是一种线路协议,并非是通信协议,在此常用于在uWSGI服务器与其他网络服务器的数据通信。uwsgi协议是一个uWSGI服务器自有的协议,它用于定义传输信息的类型。它与WSGI相比是两样东西。
三、uwsgi安装与基本使用
pip3 install uwsgi
基本测试
新建一个test.py:
def application(env, start_response): start_response("200 OK", [("Content-Type", "text/html")]) return [b"Hello World"]
在服务器上执行命令启动Web服务器:
uwsgi --http :8000 --wsgi-file test.py # 或: uwsgi --http :9002 --wsgi-file test.py --master --processes 4
参数说明:
--http # 指定了http监听地址和端口 --wsgi-file # 指定了应用程序入口
--master # 允许主进程存在,用来管理其他进程
--processes # 开启4个进程
PS:如果执行了上面命令显示 uwsgi: command not found
则配置软链接,方便使用:
ln -s python安装路径/bin/uwsgi /usr/bin/uwsgi
例如我的:
ln -s /usr/local/python3/bin/uwsgi /usr/bin/uwsgi
启动成功后,打开浏览器,访问"服务器公网IP:8000″(或者在本机访问""http://localhost:8000),就可以看到"Hello World"字样了。
PS:我使用的是阿里云服务器,如果你也是;项目部署好了,在浏览器打不开的话,可以登录服务器控制台,添加安全组规则即可,具体请自行百度。
用uwsgi启动flask
# app.py from flask import Flask app = Flask(__name__) @app.route("/") def index(): return "这是我的第一个flask程序!" if __name__ == "__main__": app.run()
PS:如果是flask程序,需要再加 --callable app
uwsgi --http :8000 --wsgi-file app.py --callable app
用uwsgi启动django
修改配置文件,将 ALLOWED_HOSTS 设置为:当前服务器IP或*,如:
ALLOWED_HOSTS = ["*",]
启动django:
uwsgi --http :8000 --chdir /usr/local/django/mysite/ --wsgi-file mysite/wsgi.py
根据配置文件启动
1、创建配置文件 mysite.ini
[uwsgi] # 指定ip端口(直接运行设置为http、用nginx则设置为socket) http = 0.0.0.0:8000 # 执行项目的目录 chdir = /usr/local/django/mysite/ # Django的wsgi.py文件 module = mysite.wsgi # 相当于mysite/wsgi.py # 允许主进程存在 master = true # 开启的进程数量 processes = 4 # 后台运行 daemonize2 = true # uwsgi.pid文件可以用来重启和停止uwsgi服务 pidfile = %(chdir)/uwsgi/uwsgi.pid # uwsgi.status可以用来查看uwsgi的服务状态 stats = %(chdir)/uwsgi/uwsgi.status # 当服务器退出的时候自动清理环境 vacuum = true # 将日志打到指定的日志文件 logto = /tmp/mysite.log
PS:如果有虚拟环境可以添加上虚拟环境路径配置,virtualenv = /envs/env_mysite
2、根据配置文件启动(注意路径)
# 启动 uwsgi --ini mysite.ini # 停止 uwsgi --stop uwsgi.pid # 重启 uwsgi --reload uwsgi.pid # 查看uwsgi的服务状态 uwsgi --connect-and-read uwsgi.status
此时访问时,会出现找不到静态文件的错误。
想要uwsgi处理静态文件,需要先将django的静态文件收集到制定目录,然后再设置对应关系。
1、收集django静态文件
- 在django的配置文件中添加:STATIC_ROOT = os.path.join(BASE_DIR, "allstatic");
- 执行 python3 manage.py collectstatic 命令,至此django项目所有相关静态文件都会收集到指定目录。
2、设置uwsgi静态文件对应关系
在上面的 mysite.ini 文件中加入以下配置:
# static-map(映射一个资源到静态文件区) static-map = /static=/usr/local/django/mysite/allstatic
还有(看你需不需要配置):
static-map = /media=/usr/local/django/mysite/media
static-map = /images=/usr/local/django/mysite/images
再次使用配置文件方式启动,所有静态文件就可以加载了。
四、Nginx
Nginx是一款轻量级的高性能Web服务器/反向代理服务器。我们可以利用Nginx做反向代理、负载均衡以及处理静态文件。
安装:点击这里
下面的所有配置都是为Django项目配置的
uwsgi官网:使用uwsgi和Nginx设置Django和Web服务器
配置nginx
首先要确保你安装的Nginx中有uwsgi_params文件哦,如下;没有可以从这里获取:点我
配置nginx.conf:
建议将原来的配置保存下来,留着备用。
user root; worker_processes 4; error_log /var/log/nginx/error.log; pid /var/run/nginx.pid; events { worker_connections 1024; } http { # include为你的nginx对应路径 include /usr/local/nginx/conf/mime.types; default_type application/octet-stream; log_format main '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" ' '$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" ' '"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"'; access_log /var/log/nginx/access.log main; sendfile on; tcp_nopush on; tcp_nodelay on; keepalive_timeout 65; upstream django { server 127.0.0.1:8001; } server { listen 80; charset utf-8; client_max_body_size 75M; location /static { # 项目收集静态文件路径 alias /usr/local/django/mysite/allstatic; } location / { uwsgi_pass django; include uwsgi_params; } } }
这个nginx.conf文件告诉nginx从文件系统中提供媒体和静态文件,以及处理需要django干预的请求。对于大型部署,让一台服务器处理静态/媒体文件,另一台服务器处理django应用程序,被认为是一种良好的做法,就目前而言,这样做会很好。
部署静态文件
在运行nginx之前,必须收集静态文件夹中的所有Django静态文件。这一步我们已经在上面完成了。
配置uwsgi(ini文件)
[uwsgi] socket = 127.0.0.1:8001 # 注意这里的修改 chdir = /usr/local/django/mysite/ module = mysite.wsgi master = true processes = 4 daemonize2 = true pidfile = %(chdir)/uwsgi/uwsgi.pid stats = %(chdir)/uwsgi/uwsgi.status vacuum = true logto = /tmp/mysite.log static-map = /static=/usr/local/django/mysite/allstatic
启动uwsgi和nginx(注意路径)
# 启动uwsgi uwsgi --ini mysite.ini # 启动nginx(因为我那篇nginx随笔没有成功将nginx配置成服务,所以这里就这样启动) cd /usr/local/nginx/sbin/ ./nginx
五、使用supervisor来管理process
项目正式部署的时候,我们通常会将其转化为系统的守护进程,将其放到后台运行,但是其并不会为我们监控进程的运行状态,一旦进程崩溃,我们的项目就无法继续提供服务。所以我们要借助supervisor,帮助我们启动uwsgi并维护(uwsgi进程关闭时,自动将其启动起来)。
1、安装
yum install supervisor
原文件 /etc/supervisord.conf(仅做纪录):
; Sample supervisor config file. [unix_http_server] file=/var/run/supervisor/supervisor.sock ; (the path to the socket file) ;chmod=0700 ; sockef file mode (default 0700) ;chown=nobody:nogroup ; socket file uid:gid owner ;username=user ; (default is no username (open server)) ;password=123 ; (default is no password (open server)) ;[inet_http_server] ; inet (TCP) server disabled by default ;port=127.0.0.1:9001 ; (ip_address:port specifier, *:port for all iface) ;username=user ; (default is no username (open server)) ;password=123 ; (default is no password (open server)) [supervisord] logfile=/var/log/supervisor/supervisord.log ; (main log file;default $CWD/supervisord.log) logfile_maxbytes=50MB ; (max main logfile bytes b4 rotation;default 50MB) logfile_backups=10 ; (num of main logfile rotation backups;default 10) loglevel=info ; (log level;default info; others: debug,warn,trace) pidfile=/var/run/supervisord.pid ; (supervisord pidfile;default supervisord.pid) nodaemon=false ; (start in foreground if true;default false) minfds=1024 ; (min. avail startup file descriptors;default 1024) minprocs=200 ; (min. avail process descriptors;default 200) ;umask=022 ; (process file creation umask;default 022) ;user=chrism ; (default is current user, required if root) ;identifier=supervisor ; (supervisord identifier, default is 'supervisor') ;directory=/tmp ; (default is not to cd during start) ;nocleanup=true ; (don't clean up tempfiles at start;default false) ;childlogdir=/tmp ; ('AUTO' child log dir, default $TEMP) ;environment=KEY=value ; (key value pairs to add to environment) ;strip_ansi=false ; (strip ansi escape codes in logs; def. false) ; the below section must remain in the config file for RPC ; (supervisorctl/web interface) to work, additional interfaces may be ; added by defining them in separate rpcinterface: sections [rpcinterface:supervisor] supervisor.rpcinterface_factory = supervisor.rpcinterface:make_main_rpcinterface [supervisorctl] serverurl=unix:///var/run/supervisor/supervisor.sock ; use a unix:// URL for a unix socket ;serverurl=http://127.0.0.1:9001 ; use an http:// url to specify an inet socket ;username=chris ; should be same as http_username if set ;password=123 ; should be same as http_password if set ;prompt=mysupervisor ; cmd line prompt (default "supervisor") ;history_file=~/.sc_history ; use readline history if available ; The below sample program section shows all possible program subsection values, ; create one or more 'real' program: sections to be able to control them under ; supervisor. ;[program:theprogramname] ;command=/bin/cat ; the program (relative uses PATH, can take args) ;process_name=%(program_name)s ; process_name expr (default %(program_name)s) ;numprocs=1 ; number of processes copies to start (def 1) ;directory=/tmp ; directory to cwd to before exec (def no cwd) ;umask=022 ; umask for process (default None) ;priority=999 ; the relative start priority (default 999) ;autostart=true ; start at supervisord start (default: true) ;autorestart=true ; retstart at unexpected quit (default: true) ;startsecs=10 ; number of secs prog must stay running (def. 1) ;startretries=3 ; max # of serial start failures (default 3) ;exitcodes=0,2 ; 'expected' exit codes for process (default 0,2) ;stopsignal=QUIT ; signal used to kill process (default TERM) ;stopwaitsecs=10 ; max num secs to wait b4 SIGKILL (default 10) ;user=chrism ; setuid to this UNIX account to run the program ;redirect_stderr=true ; redirect proc stderr to stdout (default false) ;stdout_logfile=/a/path ; stdout log path, NONE for none; default AUTO ;stdout_logfile_maxbytes=1MB ; max # logfile bytes b4 rotation (default 50MB) ;stdout_logfile_backups=10 ; # of stdout logfile backups (default 10) ;stdout_capture_maxbytes=1MB ; number of bytes in 'capturemode' (default 0) ;stdout_events_enabled=false ; emit events on stdout writes (default false) ;stderr_logfile=/a/path ; stderr log path, NONE for none; default AUTO ;stderr_logfile_maxbytes=1MB ; max # logfile bytes b4 rotation (default 50MB) ;stderr_logfile_backups=10 ; # of stderr logfile backups (default 10) ;stderr_capture_maxbytes=1MB ; number of bytes in 'capturemode' (default 0) ;stderr_events_enabled=false ; emit events on stderr writes (default false) ;environment=A=1,B=2 ; process environment additions (def no adds) ;serverurl=AUTO ; override serverurl computation (childutils) ; The below sample eventlistener section shows all possible ; eventlistener subsection values, create one or more 'real' ; eventlistener: sections to be able to handle event notifications ; sent by supervisor. ;[eventlistener:theeventlistenername] ;command=/bin/eventlistener ; the program (relative uses PATH, can take args) ;process_name=%(program_name)s ; process_name expr (default %(program_name)s) ;numprocs=1 ; number of processes copies to start (def 1) ;events=EVENT ; event notif. types to subscribe to (req'd) ;buffer_size=10 ; event buffer queue size (default 10) ;directory=/tmp ; directory to cwd to before exec (def no cwd) ;umask=022 ; umask for process (default None) ;priority=-1 ; the relative start priority (default -1) ;autostart=true ; start at supervisord start (default: true) ;autorestart=unexpected ; restart at unexpected quit (default: unexpected) ;startsecs=10 ; number of secs prog must stay running (def. 1) ;startretries=3 ; max # of serial start failures (default 3) ;exitcodes=0,2 ; 'expected' exit codes for process (default 0,2) ;stopsignal=QUIT ; signal used to kill process (default TERM) ;stopwaitsecs=10 ; max num secs to wait b4 SIGKILL (default 10) ;user=chrism ; setuid to this UNIX account to run the program ;redirect_stderr=true ; redirect proc stderr to stdout (default false) ;stdout_logfile=/a/path ; stdout log path, NONE for none; default AUTO ;stdout_logfile_maxbytes=1MB ; max # logfile bytes b4 rotation (default 50MB) ;stdout_logfile_backups=10 ; # of stdout logfile backups (default 10) ;stdout_events_enabled=false ; emit events on stdout writes (default false) ;stderr_logfile=/a/path ; stderr log path, NONE for none; default AUTO ;stderr_logfile_maxbytes=1MB ; max # logfile bytes b4 rotation (default 50MB) ;stderr_logfile_backups ; # of stderr logfile backups (default 10) ;stderr_events_enabled=false ; emit events on stderr writes (default false) ;environment=A=1,B=2 ; process environment additions ;serverurl=AUTO ; override serverurl computation (childutils) ; The below sample group section shows all possible group values, ; create one or more 'real' group: sections to create "heterogeneous" ; process groups. ;[group:thegroupname] ;programs=progname1,progname2 ; each refers to 'x' in [program:x] definitions ;priority=999 ; the relative start priority (default 999) ; The [include] section can just contain the "files" setting. This ; setting can list multiple files (separated by whitespace or ; newlines). It can also contain wildcards. The filenames are ; interpreted as relative to this file. Included files *cannot* ; include files themselves. [include] files = supervisord.d/*.ini
2、配置 vim /etc/supervisord.conf
[supervisord] http_port=/var/tmp/supervisor.sock ; (default is to run a UNIX domain socket server) logfile=/var/log/supervisor/supervisord.log ; (main log file;default $CWD/supervisord.log) logfile_maxbytes=50MB ; (max main logfile bytes b4 rotation;default 50MB) logfile_backups=10 ; (num of main logfile rotation backups;default 10) loglevel=info ; (logging level;default info; others: debug,warn) pidfile=/var/run/supervisord.pid ; (supervisord pidfile;default supervisord.pid) nodaemon=false ; (start in foreground if true;default false) minfds=1024 ; (min. avail startup file descriptors;default 1024) minprocs=200 ; (min. avail process descriptors;default 200) ;http_port=127.0.0.1:9001 ; (alternately, ip_address:port specifies AF_INET) ;sockchmod=0700 ; AF_UNIX socketmode (AF_INET ignore, default 0700) ;sockchown=nobody.nogroup ; AF_UNIX socket uid.gid owner (AF_INET ignores) ;umask=022 ; (process file creation umask;default 022) ;user=chrism ; (default is current user, required if root) ;directory=/tmp ; (default is not to cd during start) ;nocleanup=true ; (don't clean up tempfiles at start;default false) ;childlogdir=/tmp ; ('AUTO' child log dir, default $TEMP) ;environment=KEY=value ; (key value pairs to add to environment) ;http_username=user ; (default is no username (open system)) ;http_password=123 ; (default is no password (open system)) [supervisorctl] serverurl=unix:///var/run/supervisor/supervisor.sock ; use a unix:// URL for a unix socket ;serverurl=http://127.0.0.1:9001 ; use an http:// url to specify an inet socket ;username=chris ; should be same as http_username if set ;password=123 ; should be same as http_password if set ;prompt=mysupervisor ; cmd line prompt (default "supervisor") ;history_file=~/.sc_history ; use readline history if available ; 下面的示例程序部分显示了所有可能的程序子部分值,创建了一个或多个"真实"程序:能够在supervisor下控制它们的部分。 [program:mysite] command=/usr/local/bin/uwsgi /usr/local/django/mysite/uwsgi/uwsgi.ini ; 运行的程序 (相对使用PATH路径, 可以使用参数) priority=999 ; 程序运行的优先级(越小越优先) autostart=true ; supervisord启动时,该程序也启动 autorestart=true ; 异常退出时,自动重启 startsecs=10 ; 程序启动后持续10s后未发生异常,才表示启动成功 startretries=3 ; 异常后,自动重启次数 exitcodes=0,2 ; exit异常抛出的是0.2时才认为是异常 stopsignal=QUIT ; 用于杀死进程的信号 stopwaitsecs=10 ; 向进程发出stopsignal后等待OS向supervisord返回SIGCHILD的时间,若超时则supervisord将使用SIGKILL杀进程 user=root ; 设置启动该程序的账号为chrism log_stdout=true ; 如果为True,则记录程序日志 log_stderr=false ; 如果为True,则记录程序错误日志 logfile=/var/log/cat.log ; 程序日志路径 logfile_maxbytes=1MB ; 日志文件最大大小 logfile_backups=10 ; 日志文件最大数量
3、启动
supervisord -c /etc/supervisord.conf