前言
验证码是图片上写上几个字,然后对这几个字做特殊处理,如扭曲、旋转、修改文字位置,然后加入一些线条,或加入一些特殊效果,使这些在人类能正常识别的同时,机器却很难识别出来,以达到防爬虫、防机器人的效果。
验证码通常用于网站中,是防爬虫、防机器人侵入的好方法。以往.NET中创建验证码,通常会使用System.Drawing
创建“正常”的验证码。
在前一往篇博客.NET中生成水印更好的方法中,提到了如何给图片加水印。本文将基于上篇博客进一步探索,使用Direct2D创建验证码。
传统System.Drawing
的做法
前置条件:引用System.Drawing
,或者安装NuGet包:System.Drawing.Common
:
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<PackageReference Include= "System.Drawing.Common" Version= "4.5.1" />
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首先创建一个有几个文字的图片(基本操作):
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byte [] GetImage( int width, int height, string text)
{
using (var bitmap = new Bitmap(width, height))
using (var g = Graphics.FromImage(bitmap))
{
var r = new Random();
g.Clear(ColorFromHsl(r.NextDouble(), 1.0f, 0.8f, 0xff));
var brush = new SolidBrush(Color.Black);
var fontSize = width / text.Length;
var font = new Font(FontFamily.GenericSerif, fontSize, FontStyle.Bold, GraphicsUnit.Pixel);
for (var i = 0; i < text.Length; i++)
{
brush.Color = ColorFromHsl(r.NextDouble(), 1.0f, 0.3f, 0xff);
float x = i * fontSize;
float y = r.Next(0, height - fontSize);
g.DrawString(text[i].ToString(), font, brush, x, y);
}
// 在这里面加入一些其它效果
var ms = new MemoryStream();
bitmap.Save(ms, ImageFormat.Png);
return ms.ToArray();
}
}
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效果(Gif是由LINQPad生成多次截图而来,实际为静态图):
然后再加入一些线条:
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using (var pen = new Pen(brush, 3))
{
for (var i = 0; i < 4; ++i)
{
pen.Color = ColorFromHsl(r.NextDouble(), 1.0f, 0.4f, 0xff);
var p1 = new Point(r.Next(width), r.Next(height));
var p2 = new Point(r.Next(width), r.Next(height));
g.DrawLine(pen, p1, p2);
}
}
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效果(Gif是由LINQPad生成多次截图而来,实际为静态图):
还能做什么?
很遗憾,还有很多可以做,即使是加入线条,机器依然能轻而易举地识别出来。
不过Edi.Wang
在他的博客中也发布了一个生成验证码的NuGet包:Edi.Captcha
,截止目前最新版是1.3.1:
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<PackageReference Include= "Edi.Captcha" Version= "1.3.1" />
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这个包基于System.Drawing
,加入了扭曲效果,加入了一些随机的x坐标偏移,极大地增加了AI识别的难度。
使用方式:
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CaptchaResult result = CaptchaImageGenerator.GetImage(200, 100, "HELLO" );
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其中CaptchaResult的定义如下:
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public class CaptchaResult
{
public string CaptchaCode { get ; set ; }
public byte [] CaptchaByteData { get ; set ; }
public string CaptchBase64Data => Convert.ToBase64String(CaptchaByteData);
public DateTime Timestamp { get ; set ; }
}
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生成的效果如下(Gif是由LINQPad生成多次截图而来,实际为静态图):
Direct2D
在前一篇博客中,已经有了Direct2D的相关简介。这里将不再介绍。
首先从最简单的图片上写文字开始:
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byte [] SaveD2DBitmap( int width, int height, string text)
{
using var wic = new WIC.ImagingFactory2();
using var d2d = new D2D.Factory();
using var wicBitmap = new WIC.Bitmap(wic, width, height, WIC.PixelFormat.Format32bppPBGRA, WIC.BitmapCreateCacheOption.CacheOnDemand);
using var target = new D2D.WicRenderTarget(d2d, wicBitmap, new D2D.RenderTargetProperties());
using var dwriteFactory = new SharpDX.DirectWrite.Factory();
using var brush = new SolidColorBrush(target, Color.Yellow);
var r = new Random();
target.BeginDraw();
target.Clear(ColorFromHsl(r.NextFloat(0, 1), 1.0f, 0.3f));
var textFormat = new DWrite.TextFormat(dwriteFactory, "Times New Roman" ,
DWrite.FontWeight.Bold,
DWrite.FontStyle.Normal,
width / text.Length);
for ( int charIndex = 0; charIndex < text.Length; ++charIndex)
{
using var layout = new DWrite.TextLayout(dwriteFactory, text[charIndex].ToString(), textFormat, float .MaxValue, float .MaxValue);
var layoutSize = new Vector2(layout.Metrics.Width, layout.Metrics.Height);
using var b2 = new LinearGradientBrush(target, new D2D.LinearGradientBrushProperties
{
StartPoint = Vector2.Zero,
EndPoint = layoutSize,
}, new GradientStopCollection(target, new []
{
new GradientStop{ Position = 0.0f, Color = ColorFromHsl(r.NextFloat(0, 1), 1.0f, 0.8f) },
new GradientStop{ Position = 1.0f, Color = ColorFromHsl(r.NextFloat(0, 1), 1.0f, 0.8f) },
}));
var position = new Vector2(charIndex * width / text.Length, r.NextFloat(0, height - layout.Metrics.Height));
target.Transform =
Matrix3x2.Translation(-layoutSize / 2) *
// 文字旋转和扭曲效果,取消注释以下两行代码
// Matrix3x2.Skew(r.NextFloat(0, 0.5f), r.NextFloat(0, 0.5f)) *
// Matrix3x2.Rotation(r.NextFloat(0, MathF.PI * 2)) *
Matrix3x2.Translation(position + layoutSize / 2);
target.DrawTextLayout(Vector2.Zero, layout, b2);
}
// 其它效果在这里插入
target.EndDraw();
using (var encoder = new WIC.BitmapEncoder(wic, WIC.ContainerFormatGuids.Png))
using (var ms = new MemoryStream())
{
encoder.Initialize(ms);
using (var frame = new WIC.BitmapFrameEncode(encoder))
{
frame.Initialize();
frame.SetSize(wicBitmap.Size.Width, wicBitmap.Size.Height);
var pixelFormat = wicBitmap.PixelFormat;
frame.SetPixelFormat( ref pixelFormat);
frame.WriteSource(wicBitmap);
frame.Commit();
}
encoder.Commit();
return ms.ToArray();
}
}
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使用方式:
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byte [] captchaBytes = SaveD2DBitmap(200, 100, "Hello" );
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效果(Gif是由LINQPad生成多次截图而来,实际为静态图):
可以注意到,Direct2D生成的文字没有System.Drawing
那样的锯齿。
如果取消里面的两行注释,可以得到更加扭曲和旋转的效果(Gif是由LINQPad生成多次截图而来,实际为静态图):
然后加入线条:
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for (var i = 0; i < 4; ++i)
{
target.Transform = Matrix3x2.Identity;
brush.Color = ColorFromHsl(r.NextFloat(0,1), 1.0f, 0.3f);
target.DrawLine(
r.NextVector2(Vector2.Zero, new Vector2(width, height)),
r.NextVector2(Vector2.Zero, new Vector2(width, height)),
brush, 3.0f);
}
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效果(Gif是由LINQPad生成多次截图而来,实际为静态图):
Direct2D的骚操作
Direct2D中内置了许多特效,如阴影(Shadow)等,这里我们需要用到的是位移特效(Displacement)和水流特效(Turbulence),为了实现特效,需要加入一个Bitmap层,整体代码如下:
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byte [] SaveD2DBitmap( int width, int height, string text)
{
using var wic = new WIC.ImagingFactory2();
using var d2d = new D2D.Factory();
using var wicBitmap = new WIC.Bitmap(wic, width, height, WIC.PixelFormat.Format32bppPBGRA, WIC.BitmapCreateCacheOption.CacheOnDemand);
using var target = new D2D.WicRenderTarget(d2d, wicBitmap, new D2D.RenderTargetProperties());
using var dwriteFactory = new SharpDX.DirectWrite.Factory();
using var brush = new D2D.SolidColorBrush(target, Color.Yellow);
using var encoder = new WIC.PngBitmapEncoder(wic); // PngBitmapEncoder
using var ms = new MemoryStream();
using var dc = target.QueryInterface<D2D.DeviceContext>();
using var bmpLayer = new D2D.Bitmap1(dc, target.PixelSize,
new D2D.BitmapProperties1( new D2D.PixelFormat(SharpDX.DXGI.Format.B8G8R8A8_UNorm, D2D.AlphaMode.Premultiplied),
d2d.DesktopDpi.Width, d2d.DesktopDpi.Height,
D2D.BitmapOptions.Target));
var r = new Random();
encoder.Initialize(ms);
D2D.Image oldTarget = dc.Target;
{
dc.Target = bmpLayer;
dc.BeginDraw();
var textFormat = new DWrite.TextFormat(dwriteFactory, "Times New Roman" ,
DWrite.FontWeight.Bold,
DWrite.FontStyle.Normal,
width / text.Length);
for ( int charIndex = 0; charIndex < text.Length; ++charIndex)
{
using var layout = new DWrite.TextLayout(dwriteFactory, text[charIndex].ToString(), textFormat, float .MaxValue, float .MaxValue);
var layoutSize = new Vector2(layout.Metrics.Width, layout.Metrics.Height);
using var b2 = new D2D.LinearGradientBrush(dc, new D2D.LinearGradientBrushProperties
{
StartPoint = Vector2.Zero,
EndPoint = layoutSize,
}, new D2D.GradientStopCollection(dc, new []
{
new D2D.GradientStop{ Position = 0.0f, Color = ColorFromHsl(r.NextFloat(0, 1), 1.0f, 0.8f) },
new D2D.GradientStop{ Position = 1.0f, Color = ColorFromHsl(r.NextFloat(0, 1), 1.0f, 0.8f) },
}));
var position = new Vector2(charIndex * width / text.Length, r.NextFloat(0, height - layout.Metrics.Height));
dc.Transform =
Matrix3x2.Translation(-layoutSize / 2) *
Matrix3x2.Skew(r.NextFloat(0, 0.5f), r.NextFloat(0, 0.5f)) *
//Matrix3x2.Rotation(r.NextFloat(0, MathF.PI * 2)) *
Matrix3x2.Translation(position + layoutSize / 2);
dc.DrawTextLayout(Vector2.Zero, layout, b2);
}
for (var i = 0; i < 4; ++i)
{
target.Transform = Matrix3x2.Identity;
brush.Color = ColorFromHsl(r.NextFloat(0, 1), 1.0f, 0.3f);
target.DrawLine(
r.NextVector2(Vector2.Zero, new Vector2(width, height)),
r.NextVector2(Vector2.Zero, new Vector2(width, height)),
brush, 3.0f);
}
target.EndDraw();
}
Color background = ColorFromHsl(r.NextFloat(0, 1), 1.0f, 0.3f);
// for (var frameId = -10; frameId < 10; ++frameId)
{
dc.Target = null ;
using var displacement = new D2D.Effects.DisplacementMap(dc);
displacement.SetInput(0, bmpLayer, true );
displacement.Scale = 100.0f; // Math.Abs(frameId) * 10.0f;
var turbulence = new D2D.Effects.Turbulence(dc);
displacement.SetInputEffect(1, turbulence);
dc.Target = oldTarget;
dc.BeginDraw();
dc.Clear(background);
dc.DrawImage(displacement);
dc.EndDraw();
using (var frame = new WIC.BitmapFrameEncode(encoder))
{
frame.Initialize();
frame.SetSize(wicBitmap.Size.Width, wicBitmap.Size.Height);
var pixelFormat = wicBitmap.PixelFormat;
frame.SetPixelFormat( ref pixelFormat);
frame.WriteSource(wicBitmap);
frame.Commit();
}
}
encoder.Commit();
return ms.ToArray();
}
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注意此代码使用了using var
语句,是C# 8.0的using declaration
功能,可以用using (var )
语句代替。
效果如下(Gif是由LINQPad生成多次截图而来,实际为静态图):
在此基础上,(感谢Direct2D
/WIC)经过较小的改动,即可生成一个动态的Gif图片。
只要略微修改以上代码:
-
将
PngBitmapEncoder
改成GifBitmapEncoder
* -
然后将下面的
for
循环取消注释 -
将
displacement.Scale = 100.0f;
改成displacement.Scale = Math.Abs(frameId) * 10.0f;
即可看到以下效果(直接生成,非截图):
结语
最终的代码生成效果,可以从这里下载,用LINQPad 6打开。
本文使用的是SharpDX,是C#到DirectX的转换层。一个坏消息是,上图中使用的SharpDX已经停止维护了,但目前还没找到可以用于替换的库(可能由于它太好用了)。
以前我经常将Direct2D用于游戏,但最近越来越多的时候Direct2D已经用于解决实际问题。由于Direct2D的高颜值、高性能,实际上,Direct2D已经无处不在,浏览器/Word/Excel等日常软件都是深度集成Direct2D的应用。相信Direct2D可以用于更多的场景中。
总结
以上就是这篇文章的全部内容了,希望本文的内容对大家的学习或者工作具有一定的参考学习价值,谢谢大家对服务器之家的支持。
原文链接:https://www.cnblogs.com/sdflysha/p/dotnet-better-captcha.html