【引言】
目前在Java中用于解析XML的技术很多,主流的有DOM、SAX、JDOM、DOM4j,下文主要介绍这4种解析XML文档技术的使用、优缺点及性能测试。
一、【基础知识——扫盲】
sax、dom是两种对xml文档进行解析的方法(没有具体实现,只是接口),所以只有它们是无法解析xml文档的;jaxp只是api,它进一步封装了sax、dom两种接口,并且提供了DomcumentBuilderFactory/DomcumentBuilder和SAXParserFactory/SAXParser(默认使用xerces解释器)。
二、【DOM、SAX、JDOM、DOM4j简单使用介绍】
1、【DOM(Document Object Model) 】
由W3C提供的接口,它将整个XML文档读入内存,构建一个DOM树来对各个节点(Node)进行操作。
示例代码:
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<? xml version = "1.0" encoding = "UTF-8" ?>
< university name = "pku" >
< college name = "c1" >
< class name = "class1" >
< student name = "stu1" sex = 'male' age = "21" />
< student name = "stu2" sex = 'female' age = "20" />
< student name = "stu3" sex = 'female' age = "20" />
</ class >
< class name = "class2" >
< student name = "stu4" sex = 'male' age = "19" />
< student name = "stu5" sex = 'female' age = "20" />
< student name = "stu6" sex = 'female' age = "21" />
</ class >
</ college >
< college name = "c2" >
< class name = "class3" >
< student name = "stu7" sex = 'male' age = "20" />
</ class >
</ college >
< college name = "c3" >
</ college >
</ university >
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后文代码中有使用到text.xml(该文档放在src路径下,既编译后在classes路径下),都是指该xml文档。
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package test.xml;
import java.io.File;
import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
import java.io.FileOutputStream;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStream;
import javax.xml.parsers.DocumentBuilder;
import javax.xml.parsers.DocumentBuilderFactory;
import javax.xml.parsers.ParserConfigurationException;
import javax.xml.transform.Transformer;
import javax.xml.transform.TransformerConfigurationException;
import javax.xml.transform.TransformerException;
import javax.xml.transform.TransformerFactory;
import javax.xml.transform.dom.DOMSource;
import javax.xml.transform.stream.StreamResult;
import org.w3c.dom.Document;
import org.w3c.dom.Element;
import org.w3c.dom.Node;
import org.w3c.dom.NodeList;
import org.w3c.dom.Text;
import org.xml.sax.SAXException;
/**
* dom读写xml
* @author whwang
*/
public class TestDom {
public static void main(String[] args) {
read();
//write();
}
public static void read() {
DocumentBuilderFactory dbf = DocumentBuilderFactory.newInstance();
try {
DocumentBuilder builder = dbf.newDocumentBuilder();
InputStream in = TestDom. class .getClassLoader().getResourceAsStream( "test.xml" );
Document doc = builder.parse(in);
// root <university>
Element root = doc.getDocumentElement();
if (root == null ) return ;
System.err.println(root.getAttribute( "name" ));
// all college node
NodeList collegeNodes = root.getChildNodes();
if (collegeNodes == null ) return ;
for ( int i = 0 ; i < collegeNodes.getLength(); i++) {
Node college = collegeNodes.item(i);
if (college != null && college.getNodeType() == Node.ELEMENT_NODE) {
System.err.println( "\t" + college.getAttributes().getNamedItem( "name" ).getNodeValue());
// all class node
NodeList classNodes = college.getChildNodes();
if (classNodes == null ) continue ;
for ( int j = 0 ; j < classNodes.getLength(); j++) {
Node clazz = classNodes.item(j);
if (clazz != null && clazz.getNodeType() == Node.ELEMENT_NODE) {
System.err.println( "\t\t" + clazz.getAttributes().getNamedItem( "name" ).getNodeValue());
// all student node
NodeList studentNodes = clazz.getChildNodes();
if (studentNodes == null ) continue ;
for ( int k = 0 ; k < studentNodes.getLength(); k++) {
Node student = studentNodes.item(k);
if (student != null && student.getNodeType() == Node.ELEMENT_NODE) {
System.err.print( "\t\t\t" + student.getAttributes().getNamedItem( "name" ).getNodeValue());
System.err.print( " " + student.getAttributes().getNamedItem( "sex" ).getNodeValue());
System.err.println( " " + student.getAttributes().getNamedItem( "age" ).getNodeValue());
}
}
}
}
}
}
} catch (ParserConfigurationException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (SAXException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
public static void write() {
DocumentBuilderFactory dbf = DocumentBuilderFactory.newInstance();
try {
DocumentBuilder builder = dbf.newDocumentBuilder();
InputStream in = TestDom. class .getClassLoader().getResourceAsStream( "test.xml" );
Document doc = builder.parse(in);
// root <university>
Element root = doc.getDocumentElement();
if (root == null ) return ;
// 修改属性
root.setAttribute( "name" , "tsu" );
NodeList collegeNodes = root.getChildNodes();
if (collegeNodes != null ) {
for ( int i = 0 ; i <collegeNodes.getLength() - 1 ; i++) {
// 删除节点
Node college = collegeNodes.item(i);
if (college.getNodeType() == Node.ELEMENT_NODE) {
String collegeName = college.getAttributes().getNamedItem( "name" ).getNodeValue();
if ( "c1" .equals(collegeName) || "c2" .equals(collegeName)) {
root.removeChild(college);
} else if ( "c3" .equals(collegeName)) {
Element newChild = doc.createElement( "class" );
newChild.setAttribute( "name" , "c4" );
college.appendChild(newChild);
}
}
}
}
// 新增节点
Element addCollege = doc.createElement( "college" );
addCollege.setAttribute( "name" , "c5" );
root.appendChild(addCollege);
Text text = doc.createTextNode( "text" );
addCollege.appendChild(text);
// 将修改后的文档保存到文件
TransformerFactory transFactory = TransformerFactory.newInstance();
Transformer transFormer = transFactory.newTransformer();
DOMSource domSource = new DOMSource(doc);
File file = new File( "src/dom-modify.xml" );
if (file.exists()) {
file.delete();
}
file.createNewFile();
FileOutputStream out = new FileOutputStream(file);
StreamResult xmlResult = new StreamResult(out);
transFormer.transform(domSource, xmlResult);
System.out.println(file.getAbsolutePath());
} catch (ParserConfigurationException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (SAXException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (TransformerConfigurationException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (TransformerException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
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该代码只要稍做修改,即可变得更加简洁,无需一直写if来判断是否有子节点。
2、【SAX (Simple API for XML) 】
SAX不用将整个文档加载到内存,基于事件驱动的API(Observer模式),用户只需要注册自己感兴趣的事件即可。SAX提供EntityResolver, DTDHandler, ContentHandler, ErrorHandler接口,分别用于监听解析实体事件、DTD处理事件、正文处理事件和处理出错事件,与AWT类似,SAX还提供了一个对这4个接口默认的类DefaultHandler(这里的默认实现,其实就是一个空方法),一般只要继承DefaultHandler,重写自己感兴趣的事件即可。
示例代码:
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package test.xml;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStream;
import javax.xml.parsers.ParserConfigurationException;
import javax.xml.parsers.SAXParser;
import javax.xml.parsers.SAXParserFactory;
import org.xml.sax.Attributes;
import org.xml.sax.InputSource;
import org.xml.sax.Locator;
import org.xml.sax.SAXException;
import org.xml.sax.SAXParseException;
import org.xml.sax.helpers.DefaultHandler;
/**
*
* @author whwang
*/
public class TestSAX {
public static void main(String[] args) {
read();
write();
}
public static void read() {
try {
SAXParserFactory factory = SAXParserFactory.newInstance();
SAXParser parser = factory.newSAXParser();
InputStream in = TestSAX. class .getClassLoader().getResourceAsStream( "test.xml" );
parser.parse(in, new MyHandler());
} catch (ParserConfigurationException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (SAXException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
public static void write() {
System.err.println( "纯SAX对于写操作无能为力" );
}
}
// 重写对自己感兴趣的事件处理方法
class MyHandler extends DefaultHandler {
@Override
public InputSource resolveEntity(String publicId, String systemId)
throws IOException, SAXException {
return super .resolveEntity(publicId, systemId);
}
@Override
public void notationDecl(String name, String publicId, String systemId)
throws SAXException {
super .notationDecl(name, publicId, systemId);
}
@Override
public void unparsedEntityDecl(String name, String publicId,
String systemId, String notationName) throws SAXException {
super .unparsedEntityDecl(name, publicId, systemId, notationName);
}
@Override
public void setDocumentLocator(Locator locator) {
super .setDocumentLocator(locator);
}
@Override
public void startDocument() throws SAXException {
System.err.println( "开始解析文档" );
}
@Override
public void endDocument() throws SAXException {
System.err.println( "解析结束" );
}
@Override
public void startPrefixMapping(String prefix, String uri)
throws SAXException {
super .startPrefixMapping(prefix, uri);
}
@Override
public void endPrefixMapping(String prefix) throws SAXException {
super .endPrefixMapping(prefix);
}
@Override
public void startElement(String uri, String localName, String qName,
Attributes attributes) throws SAXException {
System.err.print( "Element: " + qName + ", attr: " );
print(attributes);
}
@Override
public void endElement(String uri, String localName, String qName)
throws SAXException {
super .endElement(uri, localName, qName);
}
@Override
public void characters( char [] ch, int start, int length)
throws SAXException {
super .characters(ch, start, length);
}
@Override
public void ignorableWhitespace( char [] ch, int start, int length)
throws SAXException {
super .ignorableWhitespace(ch, start, length);
}
@Override
public void processingInstruction(String target, String data)
throws SAXException {
super .processingInstruction(target, data);
}
@Override
public void skippedEntity(String name) throws SAXException {
super .skippedEntity(name);
}
@Override
public void warning(SAXParseException e) throws SAXException {
super .warning(e);
}
@Override
public void error(SAXParseException e) throws SAXException {
super .error(e);
}
@Override
public void fatalError(SAXParseException e) throws SAXException {
super .fatalError(e);
}
private void print(Attributes attrs) {
if (attrs == null ) return ;
System.err.print( "[" );
for ( int i = 0 ; i < attrs.getLength(); i++) {
System.err.print(attrs.getQName(i) + " = " + attrs.getValue(i));
if (i != attrs.getLength() - 1 ) {
System.err.print( ", " );
}
}
System.err.println( "]" );
}
}
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3、【JDOM】
JDOM与DOM非常类似,它是处理XML的纯JAVA API,API大量使用了Collections类,且JDOM仅使用具体类而不使用接口。 JDOM 它自身不包含解析器。它通常使用 SAX2 解析器来解析和验证输入 XML 文档(尽管它还可以将以前构造的 DOM 表示作为输入)。它包含一些转换器以将 JDOM 表示输出成 SAX2 事件流、DOM 模型或 XML 文本文档
示例代码:
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package test.xml;
import java.io.File;
import java.io.FileOutputStream;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.util.List;
import org.jdom.Attribute;
import org.jdom.Document;
import org.jdom.Element;
import org.jdom.JDOMException;
import org.jdom.input.SAXBuilder;
import org.jdom.output.XMLOutputter;
/**
* JDom读写xml
* @author whwang
*/
public class TestJDom {
public static void main(String[] args) {
//read();
write();
}
public static void read() {
try {
boolean validate = false ;
SAXBuilder builder = new SAXBuilder(validate);
InputStream in = TestJDom. class .getClassLoader().getResourceAsStream( "test.xml" );
Document doc = builder.build(in);
// 获取根节点 <university>
Element root = doc.getRootElement();
readNode(root, "" );
} catch (JDOMException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
@SuppressWarnings ( "unchecked" )
public static void readNode(Element root, String prefix) {
if (root == null ) return ;
// 获取属性
List<Attribute> attrs = root.getAttributes();
if (attrs != null && attrs.size() > 0 ) {
System.err.print(prefix);
for (Attribute attr : attrs) {
System.err.print(attr.getValue() + " " );
}
System.err.println();
}
// 获取他的子节点
List<Element> childNodes = root.getChildren();
prefix += "\t" ;
for (Element e : childNodes) {
readNode(e, prefix);
}
}
public static void write() {
boolean validate = false ;
try {
SAXBuilder builder = new SAXBuilder(validate);
InputStream in = TestJDom. class .getClassLoader().getResourceAsStream( "test.xml" );
Document doc = builder.build(in);
// 获取根节点 <university>
Element root = doc.getRootElement();
// 修改属性
root.setAttribute( "name" , "tsu" );
// 删除
boolean isRemoved = root.removeChildren( "college" );
System.err.println(isRemoved);
// 新增
Element newCollege = new Element( "college" );
newCollege.setAttribute( "name" , "new_college" );
Element newClass = new Element( "class" );
newClass.setAttribute( "name" , "ccccc" );
newCollege.addContent(newClass);
root.addContent(newCollege);
XMLOutputter out = new XMLOutputter();
File file = new File( "src/jdom-modify.xml" );
if (file.exists()) {
file.delete();
}
file.createNewFile();
FileOutputStream fos = new FileOutputStream(file);
out.output(doc, fos);
} catch (JDOMException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
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4、【DOM4j】
dom4j是目前在xml解析方面是最优秀的(Hibernate、Sun的JAXM也都使用dom4j来解析XML),它合并了许多超出基本 XML 文档表示的功能,包括集成的 XPath 支持、XML Schema 支持以及用于大文档或流化文档的基于事件的处理
示例代码:
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package test.xml;
import java.io.File;
import java.io.FileWriter;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.util.List;
import org.dom4j.Attribute;
import org.dom4j.Document;
import org.dom4j.DocumentException;
import org.dom4j.DocumentHelper;
import org.dom4j.Element;
import org.dom4j.ProcessingInstruction;
import org.dom4j.VisitorSupport;
import org.dom4j.io.SAXReader;
import org.dom4j.io.XMLWriter;
/**
* Dom4j读写xml
* @author whwang
*/
public class TestDom4j {
public static void main(String[] args) {
read1();
//read2();
//write();
}
public static void read1() {
try {
SAXReader reader = new SAXReader();
InputStream in = TestDom4j. class .getClassLoader().getResourceAsStream( "test.xml" );
Document doc = reader.read(in);
Element root = doc.getRootElement();
readNode(root, "" );
} catch (DocumentException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
@SuppressWarnings ( "unchecked" )
public static void readNode(Element root, String prefix) {
if (root == null ) return ;
// 获取属性
List<Attribute> attrs = root.attributes();
if (attrs != null && attrs.size() > 0 ) {
System.err.print(prefix);
for (Attribute attr : attrs) {
System.err.print(attr.getValue() + " " );
}
System.err.println();
}
// 获取他的子节点
List<Element> childNodes = root.elements();
prefix += "\t" ;
for (Element e : childNodes) {
readNode(e, prefix);
}
}
public static void read2() {
try {
SAXReader reader = new SAXReader();
InputStream in = TestDom4j. class .getClassLoader().getResourceAsStream( "test.xml" );
Document doc = reader.read(in);
doc.accept( new MyVistor());
} catch (DocumentException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
public static void write() {
try {
// 创建一个xml文档
Document doc = DocumentHelper.createDocument();
Element university = doc.addElement( "university" );
university.addAttribute( "name" , "tsu" );
// 注释
university.addComment( "这个是根节点" );
Element college = university.addElement( "college" );
college.addAttribute( "name" , "cccccc" );
college.setText( "text" );
File file = new File( "src/dom4j-modify.xml" );
if (file.exists()) {
file.delete();
}
file.createNewFile();
XMLWriter out = new XMLWriter( new FileWriter(file));
out.write(doc);
out.flush();
out.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
class MyVistor extends VisitorSupport {
public void visit(Attribute node) {
System.out.println( "Attibute: " + node.getName() + "="
+ node.getValue());
}
public void visit(Element node) {
if (node.isTextOnly()) {
System.out.println( "Element: " + node.getName() + "="
+ node.getText());
} else {
System.out.println(node.getName());
}
}
@Override
public void visit(ProcessingInstruction node) {
System.out.println( "PI:" + node.getTarget() + " " + node.getText());
}
}
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三、【性能测试】
环境:AMD4400+ 2.0+GHz主频 JDK6.0
运行参数:-Xms400m -Xmx400m
xml文件大小:10.7M
结果:
DOM: >581297ms
SAX: 8829ms
JDOM: 581297ms
DOM4j: 5309ms
时间包括IO的,只是进行了简单的测试,仅供参考!!!!
四、【对比】
1、【DOM】
DOM是基于树的结构,通常需要加载整文档和构造DOM树,然后才能开始工作。
优点:
a、由于整棵树在内存中,因此可以对xml文档随机访问
b、可以对xml文档进行修改操作
c、较sax,dom使用也更简单。
缺点:
a、整个文档必须一次性解析完
a、由于整个文档都需要载入内存,对于大文档成本高
2、【SAX】
SAX类似流媒体,它基于事件驱动的,因此无需将整个文档载入内存,使用者只需要监听自己感兴趣的事件即可。
优点:
a、无需将整个xml文档载入内存,因此消耗内存少
b、可以注册多个ContentHandler
缺点:
a、不能随机的访问xml中的节点
b、不能修改文档
3、【JDOM】
JDOM是纯Java的处理XML的API,其API中大量使用Collections类,
优点:
a、DOM方式的优点
b、具有SAX的Java规则
缺点
a、DOM方式的缺点
4、【DOM4J】
这4中xml解析方式中,最优秀的一个,集易用和性能于一身。
五、【小插曲XPath】
XPath 是一门在 XML 文档中查找信息的语言, 可用来在 XML 文档中对元素和属性进行遍历。XPath 是 W3C XSLT 标准的主要元素,并且 XQuery 和 XPointer 同时被构建于 XPath 表达之上。因此,对 XPath 的理解是很多高级 XML 应用的基础。
XPath非常类似对数据库操作的SQL语言,或者说JQuery,它可以方便开发者抓起文档中需要的东西。(dom4j也支持xpath)
示例代码:
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package test.xml;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStream;
import javax.xml.parsers.DocumentBuilder;
import javax.xml.parsers.DocumentBuilderFactory;
import javax.xml.parsers.ParserConfigurationException;
import javax.xml.xpath.XPath;
import javax.xml.xpath.XPathConstants;
import javax.xml.xpath.XPathExpression;
import javax.xml.xpath.XPathExpressionException;
import javax.xml.xpath.XPathFactory;
import org.w3c.dom.Document;
import org.w3c.dom.NodeList;
import org.xml.sax.SAXException;
public class TestXPath {
public static void main(String[] args) {
read();
}
public static void read() {
try {
DocumentBuilderFactory dbf = DocumentBuilderFactory.newInstance();
DocumentBuilder builder = dbf.newDocumentBuilder();
InputStream in = TestXPath. class .getClassLoader().getResourceAsStream( "test.xml" );
Document doc = builder.parse(in);
XPathFactory factory = XPathFactory.newInstance();
XPath xpath = factory.newXPath();
// 选取所有class元素的name属性
// XPath语法介绍: http://w3school.com.cn/xpath/
XPathExpression expr = xpath.compile( "//class/@name" );
NodeList nodes = (NodeList) expr.evaluate(doc, XPathConstants.NODESET);
for ( int i = 0 ; i < nodes.getLength(); i++) {
System.out.println( "name = " + nodes.item(i).getNodeValue());
}
} catch (XPathExpressionException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (ParserConfigurationException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (SAXException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
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六、【补充】
注意4种解析方法对TextNode(文本节点)的处理:
1、在使用DOM时,调用node.getChildNodes()获取该节点的子节点,文本节点也会被当作一个Node来返回,如:
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<? xml version = "1.0" encoding = "UTF-8" ?>
< university name = "pku" >
< college name = "c1" >
< class name = "class1" >
< student name = "stu1" sex = 'male' age = "21" />
< student name = "stu2" sex = 'female' age = "20" />
< student name = "stu3" sex = 'female' age = "20" />
</ class >
</ college >
</ university >
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package test.xml;
import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.util.Arrays;
import javax.xml.parsers.DocumentBuilder;
import javax.xml.parsers.DocumentBuilderFactory;
import javax.xml.parsers.ParserConfigurationException;
import org.w3c.dom.Document;
import org.w3c.dom.Element;
import org.w3c.dom.Node;
import org.w3c.dom.NodeList;
import org.xml.sax.SAXException;
/**
* dom读写xml
* @author whwang
*/
public class TestDom2 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
read();
}
public static void read() {
DocumentBuilderFactory dbf = DocumentBuilderFactory.newInstance();
try {
DocumentBuilder builder = dbf.newDocumentBuilder();
InputStream in = TestDom2.class.getClassLoader().getResourceAsStream("test.xml");
Document doc = builder.parse(in);
// root < university >
Element root = doc.getDocumentElement();
if (root == null) return;
// System.err.println(root.getAttribute("name"));
// all college node
NodeList collegeNodes = root.getChildNodes();
if (collegeNodes == null) return;
System.err.println("university子节点数:" + collegeNodes.getLength());
System.err.println("子节点如下:");
for(int i = 0; i < collegeNodes.getLength(); i++) {
Node college = collegeNodes.item(i);
if (college == null) continue;
if (college.getNodeType() == Node.ELEMENT_NODE) {
System.err.println("\t元素节点:" + college.getNodeName());
} else if (college.getNodeType() == Node.TEXT_NODE) {
System.err.println("\t文本节点:" + Arrays.toString(college.getTextContent().getBytes()));
}
}
} catch (ParserConfigurationException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (SAXException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
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输出的结果是:
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university子节点数: 3
子节点如下:
文本节点:[ 10 , 9 ]
元素节点:college
文本节点:[ 10 ]
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其中\n的ASCII码为10,\t的ASCII码为9。结果让人大吃一惊,university的子节点数不是1,也不是2,而是3,这3个子节点都是谁呢?为了看得更清楚点,把xml文档改为:
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<? xml version = "1.0" encoding = "UTF-8" ?>
< university name = "pku" >11
< college name = "c1" >
< class name = "class1" >
< student name = "stu1" sex = 'male' age = "21" />
< student name = "stu2" sex = 'female' age = "20" />
< student name = "stu3" sex = 'female' age = "20" />
</ class >
</ college >22
</ university >
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还是上面的程序,输出结果为:
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university子节点数:3
子节点如下:
文本节点:[49, 49, 10, 9]
元素节点:college
文本节点:[50, 50, 10]
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其中数字1的ASCII码为49,数字2的ASCII码为50。
2、使用SAX来解析同DOM,当你重写它的public void characters(char[] ch, int start, int length)方法时,你就能看到。
3、JDOM,调用node.getChildren()只返回子节点,不包括TextNode节点(不管该节点是否有Text信息)。如果要获取该节点的Text信息,可以调用node.getText()方法,该方法返回节点的Text信息,也包括\n\t等特殊字符。
4、DOM4j同JDOM