I want to load a 3D object into an OpenGL windows with a transparent background. I'm using C++ on an Ubuntu 16.04 machine with a Nvidia Quadro K3000M (installed driver is the recent 375.66 NVIDIA binary driver). I've got both objectives working independently - I can create an OpenGL window with a transparent background with X11 from this thread and load objects with Assimp and GLFW from this tutorial.
我想将3D对象加载到具有透明背景的OpenGL窗口中。我在带有Nvidia Quadro K3000M的Ubuntu 16.04机器上使用C ++(安装的驱动程序是最近的375.66 NVIDIA二进制驱动程序)。我有两个目标独立工作 - 我可以使用X11从这个线程创建一个透明背景的OpenGL窗口,并使用本教程中的Assimp和GLFW加载对象。
Now I want to combine both and it works at least a bit - I can import an object and load it into the transparent X11 window, but some of the textures are transparent now, which is strange:
现在我想要将两者结合起来并且它至少有点起作用 - 我可以导入一个对象并将其加载到透明的X11窗口中,但是现在一些纹理是透明的,这很奇怪:
GLFW result:
X11 result:
So to make my issue clear: I don't understand why the imported objects has transparencies within the X11 window and not within the GLFW window. I am looking for a fix that the model gets displayed correctly within the X11 window (basically it could be any window-manager, but X11 seemed to be the only one that is capable to display transparent backgrounds).
因此,为了使我的问题清楚:我不明白为什么导入的对象在X11窗口内而不在GLFW窗口内具有透明度。我正在寻找一个修复,模型在X11窗口中正确显示(基本上它可以是任何窗口管理器,但X11似乎是唯一能够显示透明背景的)。
I use the mesh and model classes from the LearnOpenGL tutorial, and also their shaders. I hope @datenwolf might be able to help. Here's my code:
我使用LearnOpenGL教程中的网格和模型类,以及它们的着色器。我希望@datenwolf可以提供帮助。这是我的代码:
#include "GL/glew.h"
#include <GL/gl.h>
#include <GL/glx.h>
#include <GL/glxext.h>
#include <X11/Xatom.h>
#include <X11/extensions/Xrender.h>
#include <X11/Xutil.h>
#include <GLFW/glfw3.h>
#include <glm/glm.hpp>
#include <glm/gtc/matrix_transform.hpp>
#include <glm/gtc/type_ptr.hpp>
#include <includes/learnopengl/filesystem.h>
#include <includes/learnopengl/shader_m.h>
#include <includes/learnopengl/camera.h>
#include <includes/learnopengl/model.h>
#include <iostream>
//----------------------------
//----- RGBA X11 -------------
//----------------------------
#define USE_CHOOSE_FBCONFIG
static void fatalError(const char *why)
{
fprintf(stderr, "%s", why);
exit(0x666);
}
static int Xscreen;
static Atom del_atom;
static Colormap cmap;
static Display *Xdisplay;
static XVisualInfo *visual;
static XRenderPictFormat *pict_format;
static GLXFBConfig *fbconfigs, fbconfig;
static int numfbconfigs;
static GLXContext render_context;
static Window Xroot, window_handle;
static GLXWindow glX_window_handle;
static int width, height;
std::string window_choice = "GLFW"; //X11 or GLFW
static int VisData[] = {
GLX_RENDER_TYPE, GLX_RGBA_BIT,
GLX_DRAWABLE_TYPE, GLX_WINDOW_BIT,
GLX_DOUBLEBUFFER, True,
GLX_RED_SIZE, 8,
GLX_GREEN_SIZE, 8,
GLX_BLUE_SIZE, 8,
GLX_ALPHA_SIZE, 8,
GLX_DEPTH_SIZE, 16,
None
};
static int isExtensionSupported(const char *extList, const char *extension)
{
const char *start;
const char *where, *terminator;
/* Extension names should not have spaces. */
where = strchr(extension, ' ');
if ( where || *extension == '\0' )
return 0;
/* It takes a bit of care to be fool-proof about parsing the
OpenGL extensions string. Don't be fooled by sub-strings,
etc. */
for ( start = extList; ; ) {
where = strstr( start, extension );
if ( !where )
break;
terminator = where + strlen( extension );
if ( where == start || *(where - 1) == ' ' )
if ( *terminator == ' ' || *terminator == '\0' )
return 1;
start = terminator;
}
return 0;
}
static Bool WaitForMapNotify(Display *d, XEvent *e, char *arg)
{
return d && e && arg && (e->type == MapNotify) && (e->xmap.window == *(Window*)arg);
}
static void describe_fbconfig(GLXFBConfig fbconfig)
{
int doublebuffer;
int red_bits, green_bits, blue_bits, alpha_bits, depth_bits;
glXGetFBConfigAttrib(Xdisplay, fbconfig, GLX_DOUBLEBUFFER, &doublebuffer);
glXGetFBConfigAttrib(Xdisplay, fbconfig, GLX_RED_SIZE, &red_bits);
glXGetFBConfigAttrib(Xdisplay, fbconfig, GLX_GREEN_SIZE, &green_bits);
glXGetFBConfigAttrib(Xdisplay, fbconfig, GLX_BLUE_SIZE, &blue_bits);
glXGetFBConfigAttrib(Xdisplay, fbconfig, GLX_ALPHA_SIZE, &alpha_bits);
glXGetFBConfigAttrib(Xdisplay, fbconfig, GLX_DEPTH_SIZE, &depth_bits);
fprintf(stderr, "FBConfig selected:\n"
"Doublebuffer: %s\n"
"Red Bits: %d, Green Bits: %d, Blue Bits: %d, Alpha Bits: %d, Depth Bits: %d\n",
doublebuffer == True ? "Yes" : "No",
red_bits, green_bits, blue_bits, alpha_bits, depth_bits);
}
static void createTheWindow()
{
XEvent event;
int x,y, attr_mask;
XSizeHints hints;
XWMHints *startup_state;
XTextProperty textprop;
XSetWindowAttributes attr = {0,};
static char *title = "ARGB OpenGL Window";
Xdisplay = XOpenDisplay(NULL);
if (!Xdisplay) {
fatalError("Couldn't connect to X server\n");
}
Xscreen = DefaultScreen(Xdisplay);
Xroot = RootWindow(Xdisplay, Xscreen);
fbconfigs = glXChooseFBConfig(Xdisplay, Xscreen, VisData, &numfbconfigs);
fbconfig = 0;
for(int i = 0; i<numfbconfigs; i++) {
visual = (XVisualInfo*) glXGetVisualFromFBConfig(Xdisplay, fbconfigs[i]);
if(!visual)
continue;
pict_format = XRenderFindVisualFormat(Xdisplay, visual->visual);
if(!pict_format)
continue;
fbconfig = fbconfigs[i];
if(pict_format->direct.alphaMask > 0) {
break;
}
}
if(!fbconfig) {
fatalError("No matching FB config found");
}
describe_fbconfig(fbconfig);
/* Create a colormap - only needed on some X clients, eg. IRIX */
cmap = XCreateColormap(Xdisplay, Xroot, visual->visual, AllocNone);
attr.colormap = cmap;
attr.background_pixmap = None;
attr.border_pixmap = None;
attr.border_pixel = 0;
attr.event_mask =
StructureNotifyMask |
EnterWindowMask |
LeaveWindowMask |
ExposureMask |
ButtonPressMask |
ButtonReleaseMask |
OwnerGrabButtonMask |
KeyPressMask |
KeyReleaseMask;
attr_mask =
CWBackPixmap|
CWColormap|
CWBorderPixel|
CWEventMask;
width = 1920; //DisplayWidth(Xdisplay, DefaultScreen(Xdisplay))/2;
height = 1080; //DisplayHeight(Xdisplay, DefaultScreen(Xdisplay))/2;
x=width/2, y=height/2;
window_handle = XCreateWindow( Xdisplay,
Xroot,
x, y, width, height,
0,
visual->depth,
InputOutput,
visual->visual,
attr_mask, &attr);
if( !window_handle ) {
fatalError("Couldn't create the window\n");
}
#if USE_GLX_CREATE_WINDOW
int glXattr[] = { None };
glX_window_handle = glXCreateWindow(Xdisplay, fbconfig, window_handle, glXattr);
if( !glX_window_handle ) {
fatalError("Couldn't create the GLX window\n");
}
#else
glX_window_handle = window_handle;
#endif
textprop.value = (unsigned char*)title;
textprop.encoding = XA_STRING;
textprop.format = 8;
textprop.nitems = strlen(title);
hints.x = x;
hints.y = y;
hints.width = width;
hints.height = height;
hints.flags = USPosition|USSize;
startup_state = XAllocWMHints();
startup_state->initial_state = NormalState;
startup_state->flags = StateHint;
XSetWMProperties(Xdisplay, window_handle,&textprop, &textprop,
NULL, 0,
&hints,
startup_state,
NULL);
XFree(startup_state);
XMapWindow(Xdisplay, window_handle);
XIfEvent(Xdisplay, &event, WaitForMapNotify, (char*)&window_handle);
if ((del_atom = XInternAtom(Xdisplay, "WM_DELETE_WINDOW", 0)) != None) {
XSetWMProtocols(Xdisplay, window_handle, &del_atom, 1);
}
}
static int ctxErrorHandler( Display *dpy, XErrorEvent *ev )
{
fputs("Error at context creation", stderr);
return 0;
}
static void createTheRenderContext()
{
int dummy;
if (!glXQueryExtension(Xdisplay, &dummy, &dummy)) {
fatalError("OpenGL not supported by X server\n");
}
#if USE_GLX_CREATE_CONTEXT_ATTRIB
#define GLX_CONTEXT_MAJOR_VERSION_ARB 0x2091
#define GLX_CONTEXT_MINOR_VERSION_ARB 0x2092
render_context = NULL;
if( isExtensionSupported( glXQueryExtensionsString(Xdisplay, DefaultScreen(Xdisplay)), "GLX_ARB_create_context" ) ) {
typedef GLXContext (*glXCreateContextAttribsARBProc)(Display*, GLXFBConfig, GLXContext, Bool, const int*);
glXCreateContextAttribsARBProc glXCreateContextAttribsARB = (glXCreateContextAttribsARBProc)glXGetProcAddressARB( (const GLubyte *) "glXCreateContextAttribsARB" );
if( glXCreateContextAttribsARB ) {
int context_attribs[] =
{
GLX_CONTEXT_MAJOR_VERSION_ARB, 3,
GLX_CONTEXT_MINOR_VERSION_ARB, 0,
//GLX_CONTEXT_FLAGS_ARB , GLX_CONTEXT_FORWARD_COMPATIBLE_BIT_ARB,
None
};
int (*oldHandler)(Display*, XErrorEvent*) = XSetErrorHandler(&ctxErrorHandler);
render_context = glXCreateContextAttribsARB( Xdisplay, fbconfig, 0, True, context_attribs );
XSync( Xdisplay, False );
XSetErrorHandler( oldHandler );
fputs("glXCreateContextAttribsARB failed", stderr);
} else {
fputs("glXCreateContextAttribsARB could not be retrieved", stderr);
}
} else {
fputs("glXCreateContextAttribsARB not supported", stderr);
}
if(!render_context)
{
#else
{
#endif
render_context = glXCreateNewContext(Xdisplay, fbconfig, GLX_RGBA_TYPE, 0, True); //GLX_RGBA_TYPE
if (!render_context) {
fatalError("Failed to create a GL context\n");
}
}
if (!glXMakeContextCurrent(Xdisplay, glX_window_handle, glX_window_handle, render_context)) {
fatalError("glXMakeCurrent failed for window\n");
}
}
static int updateTheMessageQueue()
{
XEvent event;
XConfigureEvent *xc;
while (XPending(Xdisplay))
{
XNextEvent(Xdisplay, &event);
switch (event.type)
{
case ClientMessage:
if (event.xclient.data.l[0] == del_atom)
{
return 0;
}
break;
case ConfigureNotify:
xc = &(event.xconfigure);
width = xc->width;
height = xc->height;
break;
}
}
return 1;
}
//----------------------------
//----- GLFW -----------------
//----------------------------
// settings
const unsigned int SCR_WIDTH = 1920;
const unsigned int SCR_HEIGHT = 1080;
// camera
Camera camera(glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 3.0f));
float lastX = SCR_WIDTH / 2.0f;
float lastY = SCR_HEIGHT / 2.0f;
bool firstMouse = true;
// timing
float deltaTime = 0.0f;
float lastFrame = 0.0f;
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
GLFWwindow* window;
if (window_choice == "X11")
{
createTheWindow();
createTheRenderContext();
}
else if (window_choice == "GLFW")
{
// glfw: initialize and configure
glfwInit();
glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MAJOR, 3);
glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MINOR, 3);
glfwWindowHint(GLFW_OPENGL_PROFILE, GLFW_OPENGL_CORE_PROFILE);
#ifdef __APPLE__
glfwWindowHint(GLFW_OPENGL_FORWARD_COMPAT, GL_TRUE); // uncomment this statement to fix compilation on OS X
#endif
// glfw window creation
window = glfwCreateWindow(SCR_WIDTH, SCR_HEIGHT, "LearnOpenGL", NULL, NULL);
if (window == NULL)
{
std::cout << "Failed to create GLFW window" << std::endl;
glfwTerminate();
return -1;
}
glfwMakeContextCurrent(window);
}
//Load GLEW
GLenum err = glewInit();
if (GLEW_OK != err)
{
// Problem: glewInit failed, something is seriously wrong
fprintf(stderr, "Error: %s\n", glewGetErrorString(err));
}
fprintf(stdout, "Status: Using GLEW %s\n", glewGetString(GLEW_VERSION));
// configure global opengl state
// -----------------------------
glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);
//Build and compile shaders
Shader ourShader("/home/daniel/aureate/tools/Testing/assimp/1.model_loading.vs", "/home/daniel/aureate/tools/Testing/assimp/1.model_loading.fs");
//Load models
Model ourModel(FileSystem::getPath("resources/objects/nanosuit/nanosuit.obj"));
if (window_choice == "X11")
{
while (updateTheMessageQueue())
{
//RGBA
glClearColor(0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0);
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT|GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);
ourShader.use();
glm::mat4 projection = glm::perspective(glm::radians(camera.Zoom), 1.777f, 0.1f, 100.0f); //1920/1080 = 1.777
glm::mat4 view = camera.GetViewMatrix();
ourShader.setMat4("projection", projection);
ourShader.setMat4("view", view);
// render the loaded model
glm::mat4 model;
model = glm::translate(model, glm::vec3(0.0f, -1.75f, 0.0f)); // translate it down so it's at the center of the scene
model = glm::scale(model, glm::vec3(0.2f, 0.2f, 0.2f)); // it's a bit too big for our scene, so scale it down
ourShader.setMat4("model", model);
ourModel.Draw(ourShader);
glXSwapBuffers(Xdisplay, glX_window_handle);
}
}
else if (window_choice == "GLFW")
{
while (!glfwWindowShouldClose(window))
{
// per-frame time logic
// --------------------
float currentFrame = glfwGetTime();
deltaTime = currentFrame - lastFrame;
lastFrame = currentFrame;
// render
// ------
glClearColor(0.2f, 0.3f, 0.3f, 0.0f);
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);
// don't forget to enable shader before setting uniforms
ourShader.use();
// view/projection transformations
glm::mat4 projection = glm::perspective(glm::radians(camera.Zoom), (float)SCR_WIDTH / (float)SCR_HEIGHT, 0.1f, 100.0f);
glm::mat4 view = camera.GetViewMatrix();
ourShader.setMat4("projection", projection);
ourShader.setMat4("view", view);
// render the loaded model
glm::mat4 model;
model = glm::translate(model, glm::vec3(0.0f, -1.75f, 0.0f)); // translate it down so it's at the center of the scene
model = glm::scale(model, glm::vec3(0.2f, 0.2f, 0.2f)); // it's a bit too big for our scene, so scale it down
ourShader.setMat4("model", model);
ourModel.Draw(ourShader);
glfwSwapBuffers(window);
}
glfwTerminate();
return 0;
}
}
1 个解决方案
#1
0
So to make my issue clear: I don't understand why the imported objects has transparencies within the X11 window and not within the GLFW window.
因此,为了使我的问题清楚:我不明白为什么导入的对象在X11窗口内而不在GLFW窗口内具有透明度。
When you make a transparent X11 window, the alpha channel of that window will be used as the transparency channel. When you render to a non-transparent window created with GLFW, the alpha channel of the framebuffer will have no effect whatsoever.
制作透明X11窗口时,该窗口的Alpha通道将用作透明度通道。当渲染到使用GLFW创建的非透明窗口时,帧缓冲区的alpha通道将不起任何作用。
Now what you see here is that some of the textures have transparent parts. But as long as you don't enable GL's own blending, those alpha values will never have any observable effect. But your shaders still copy the alpha value from the texture to the output framebuffer. In the GLFW case, it is not even clear if there is an alpha channel in the default framebuffer (you can explicitly request it, but can't be sure it isn't there if you don't), but it is totally irrelevant since that alpha channel isn't used.
现在你看到的是一些纹理有透明的部分。但只要你不启用GL自己的混合,那些alpha值就永远不会有任何可观察到的效果。但是您的着色器仍将alpha值从纹理复制到输出帧缓冲区。在GLFW的情况下,甚至不清楚默认帧缓冲区中是否存在alpha通道(您可以明确请求它,但如果不这样做则不能确定它不存在),但它完全不相关因为没有使用alpha通道。
In your transparent X11 window code path, you absolutely need to have an alpha channel in the default framebuffer, and the alpha values which end up there will actually have an effect.
在透明的X11窗口代码路径中,您绝对需要在默认的帧缓冲区中使用Alpha通道,并且最终在那里的alpha值实际上会产生效果。
If you don't want those transparencies, you could do a couple of things:
如果您不想要这些透明胶片,您可以做以下几件事:
- modify the shaders so that they output
(r,g,b,1)instead of(r,g,b,a) - use a
GL_RGBbased format for the textures, ignoring the alpha values from the file - fix the textures / material description to not contain any transparencies
修改着色器,使它们输出(r,g,b,1)而不是(r,g,b,a)
对纹理使用基于GL_RGB的格式,忽略文件中的alpha值
修复纹理/材质描述以不包含任何透明度
X11 window (basically it could be any window-manager, but X11 seemed to be the only one that is capable to display transparent backgrounds).
X11窗口(基本上它可以是任何窗口管理器,但X11似乎是唯一能够显示透明背景的窗口)。
No, X11 is not a window manager. Not sure what window manager / compositor you are using, but there are several alternatives supporting transparency. On the other hand, you certainly would not be able to get the effect on my system, and this is exactly how I want it to be.
不,X11不是窗口管理器。不确定您使用的是哪个窗口管理器/合成器,但有几种替代方案支持透明度。另一方面,你肯定无法对我的系统产生影响,这正是我想要的。
#1
0
So to make my issue clear: I don't understand why the imported objects has transparencies within the X11 window and not within the GLFW window.
因此,为了使我的问题清楚:我不明白为什么导入的对象在X11窗口内而不在GLFW窗口内具有透明度。
When you make a transparent X11 window, the alpha channel of that window will be used as the transparency channel. When you render to a non-transparent window created with GLFW, the alpha channel of the framebuffer will have no effect whatsoever.
制作透明X11窗口时,该窗口的Alpha通道将用作透明度通道。当渲染到使用GLFW创建的非透明窗口时,帧缓冲区的alpha通道将不起任何作用。
Now what you see here is that some of the textures have transparent parts. But as long as you don't enable GL's own blending, those alpha values will never have any observable effect. But your shaders still copy the alpha value from the texture to the output framebuffer. In the GLFW case, it is not even clear if there is an alpha channel in the default framebuffer (you can explicitly request it, but can't be sure it isn't there if you don't), but it is totally irrelevant since that alpha channel isn't used.
现在你看到的是一些纹理有透明的部分。但只要你不启用GL自己的混合,那些alpha值就永远不会有任何可观察到的效果。但是您的着色器仍将alpha值从纹理复制到输出帧缓冲区。在GLFW的情况下,甚至不清楚默认帧缓冲区中是否存在alpha通道(您可以明确请求它,但如果不这样做则不能确定它不存在),但它完全不相关因为没有使用alpha通道。
In your transparent X11 window code path, you absolutely need to have an alpha channel in the default framebuffer, and the alpha values which end up there will actually have an effect.
在透明的X11窗口代码路径中,您绝对需要在默认的帧缓冲区中使用Alpha通道,并且最终在那里的alpha值实际上会产生效果。
If you don't want those transparencies, you could do a couple of things:
如果您不想要这些透明胶片,您可以做以下几件事:
- modify the shaders so that they output
(r,g,b,1)instead of(r,g,b,a) - use a
GL_RGBbased format for the textures, ignoring the alpha values from the file - fix the textures / material description to not contain any transparencies
修改着色器,使它们输出(r,g,b,1)而不是(r,g,b,a)
对纹理使用基于GL_RGB的格式,忽略文件中的alpha值
修复纹理/材质描述以不包含任何透明度
X11 window (basically it could be any window-manager, but X11 seemed to be the only one that is capable to display transparent backgrounds).
X11窗口(基本上它可以是任何窗口管理器,但X11似乎是唯一能够显示透明背景的窗口)。
No, X11 is not a window manager. Not sure what window manager / compositor you are using, but there are several alternatives supporting transparency. On the other hand, you certainly would not be able to get the effect on my system, and this is exactly how I want it to be.
不,X11不是窗口管理器。不确定您使用的是哪个窗口管理器/合成器,但有几种替代方案支持透明度。另一方面,你肯定无法对我的系统产生影响,这正是我想要的。