令牌认证(Token Authentication)已经成为单页应用(SPA)和移动应用事实上的标准。即使是传统的B/S应用也能利用其优点。优点很明白:极少的服务端数据管理、可扩展性、可以使用单独的认证服务器和应用服务器分离。
如果你对令牌(token)不是太了解,可以看这篇文章( overview of token authentication and JWTs)
令牌认证在asp.net core中集成。其中包括保护Bearer Jwt的路由功能,但是移除了生成token和验证token的部分,这些可以自定义或者使用第三方库来实现,得益于此,MVC和Web api项目可以使用令牌认证,而且很简单。下面将一步一步实现,代码可以在( 源码)下载。
ASP.NET Core令牌验证
首先,背景知识:认证令牌,例如JWTs,是通过http 认证头传递的,例如:
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GET /foo
Authorization: Bearer [token]
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令牌可以通过浏览器cookies。传递方式是header或者cookies取决于应用和实际情况,对于移动app,使用headers,对于web,推荐在html5 storage中使用cookies,来防止xss攻击。
asp.net core对jwts令牌的验证很简单,特别是你通过header传递。
1、生成 SecurityKey,这个例子,我生成对称密钥验证jwts通过HMAC-SHA256加密方式,在startup.cs中:
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// secretKey contains a secret passphrase only your server knows
var secretKey = "mysupersecret_secretkey!123" ;
var signingKey = new SymmetricSecurityKey(Encoding.ASCII.GetBytes(secretKey));
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验证 header中传递的JWTs
在 Startup.cs中,使用Microsoft.AspNetCore.Authentication.JwtBearer中的UseJwtBearerAuthentication 方法获取受保护的api或者mvc路由有效的jwt。
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var tokenValidationParameters = new TokenValidationParameters
{
// The signing key must match!
ValidateIssuerSigningKey = true ,
IssuerSigningKey = signingKey,
// Validate the JWT Issuer (iss) claim
ValidateIssuer = true ,
ValidIssuer = "ExampleIssuer" ,
// Validate the JWT Audience (aud) claim
ValidateAudience = true ,
ValidAudience = "ExampleAudience" ,
// Validate the token expiry
ValidateLifetime = true ,
// If you want to allow a certain amount of clock drift, set that here:
ClockSkew = TimeSpan.Zero
};
app.UseJwtBearerAuthentication( new JwtBearerOptions
{
AutomaticAuthenticate = true ,
AutomaticChallenge = true ,
TokenValidationParameters = tokenValidationParameters
});
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通过这个中间件,任何[Authorize]的请求都需要有效的jwt:
签名有效;
过期时间;
有效时间;
Issuer 声明等于“ExampleIssuer”
订阅者声明等于 “ExampleAudience”
如果不是合法的JWT,请求终止,issuer声明和订阅者声明不是必须的,它们用来标识应用和客户端。
在cookies中验证JWTs
ASP.NET Core中的cookies 认证不支持传递jwt。需要自定义实现 ISecureDataFormat接口的类。现在,你只是验证token,不是生成它们,只需要实现Unprotect方法,其他的交给System.IdentityModel.Tokens.Jwt.JwtSecurityTokenHandler这个类处理。
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using System;
using System.IdentityModel.Tokens.Jwt;
using System.Security.Claims;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Authentication;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Http.Authentication;
using Microsoft.IdentityModel.Tokens;
namespace SimpleTokenProvider
{
public class CustomJwtDataFormat : ISecureDataFormat<AuthenticationTicket>
{
private readonly string algorithm;
private readonly TokenValidationParameters validationParameters;
public CustomJwtDataFormat( string algorithm, TokenValidationParameters validationParameters)
{
this .algorithm = algorithm;
this .validationParameters = validationParameters;
}
public AuthenticationTicket Unprotect( string protectedText)
=> Unprotect(protectedText, null );
public AuthenticationTicket Unprotect( string protectedText, string purpose)
{
var handler = new JwtSecurityTokenHandler();
ClaimsPrincipal principal = null ;
SecurityToken validToken = null ;
try
{
principal = handler.ValidateToken(protectedText, this .validationParameters, out validToken);
var validJwt = validToken as JwtSecurityToken;
if (validJwt == null )
{
throw new ArgumentException( "Invalid JWT" );
}
if (!validJwt.Header.Alg.Equals(algorithm, StringComparison.Ordinal))
{
throw new ArgumentException($ "Algorithm must be '{algorithm}'" );
}
// Additional custom validation of JWT claims here (if any)
}
catch (SecurityTokenValidationException)
{
return null ;
}
catch (ArgumentException)
{
return null ;
}
// Validation passed. Return a valid AuthenticationTicket:
return new AuthenticationTicket(principal, new AuthenticationProperties(), "Cookie" );
}
// This ISecureDataFormat implementation is decode-only
public string Protect(AuthenticationTicket data)
{
throw new NotImplementedException();
}
public string Protect(AuthenticationTicket data, string purpose)
{
throw new NotImplementedException();
}
}
}
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在startup.cs中调用
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var tokenValidationParameters = new TokenValidationParameters
{
// The signing key must match!
ValidateIssuerSigningKey = true ,
IssuerSigningKey = signingKey,
// Validate the JWT Issuer (iss) claim
ValidateIssuer = true ,
ValidIssuer = "ExampleIssuer" ,
// Validate the JWT Audience (aud) claim
ValidateAudience = true ,
ValidAudience = "ExampleAudience" ,
// Validate the token expiry
ValidateLifetime = true ,
// If you want to allow a certain amount of clock drift, set that here:
ClockSkew = TimeSpan.Zero
};
app.UseCookieAuthentication( new CookieAuthenticationOptions
{
AutomaticAuthenticate = true ,
AutomaticChallenge = true ,
AuthenticationScheme = "Cookie" ,
CookieName = "access_token" ,
TicketDataFormat = new CustomJwtDataFormat(
SecurityAlgorithms.HmacSha256,
tokenValidationParameters)
});
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如果请求中包含名为access_token的cookie验证为合法的JWT,这个请求就能返回正确的结果,如果需要,你可以加上额外的jwt chaims,或者复制jwt chaims到ClaimsPrincipal在CustomJwtDataFormat.Unprotect方法中,上面是验证token,下面将在asp.net core中生成token。
ASP.NET Core生成Tokens
在asp.net 4.5中,这个UseOAuthAuthorizationServer中间件可以轻松的生成tokens,但是在asp.net core取消了,下面写一个简单的token生成中间件,最后,有几个现成解决方案的链接,供你选择。
简单的token生成节点
首先,生成 POCO保存中间件的选项. 生成类:TokenProviderOptions.cs
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using System;
using Microsoft.IdentityModel.Tokens;
namespace SimpleTokenProvider
{
public class TokenProviderOptions
{
public string Path { get ; set ; } = "/token" ;
public string Issuer { get ; set ; }
public string Audience { get ; set ; }
public TimeSpan Expiration { get ; set ; } = TimeSpan.FromMinutes(5);
public SigningCredentials SigningCredentials { get ; set ; }
}
}
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现在自己添加一个中间件,asp.net core 的中间件类一般是这样的:
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using System.IdentityModel.Tokens.Jwt;
using System.Security.Claims;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Http;
using Microsoft.Extensions.Options;
using Newtonsoft.Json;
namespace SimpleTokenProvider
{
public class TokenProviderMiddleware
{
private readonly RequestDelegate _next;
private readonly TokenProviderOptions _options;
public TokenProviderMiddleware(
RequestDelegate next,
IOptions<TokenProviderOptions> options)
{
_next = next;
_options = options.Value;
}
public Task Invoke(HttpContext context)
{
// If the request path doesn't match, skip
if (!context.Request.Path.Equals(_options.Path, StringComparison.Ordinal))
{
return _next(context);
}
// Request must be POST with Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
if (!context.Request.Method.Equals( "POST" )
|| !context.Request.HasFormContentType)
{
context.Response.StatusCode = 400;
return context.Response.WriteAsync( "Bad request." );
}
return GenerateToken(context);
}
}
}
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这个中间件类接受TokenProviderOptions作为参数,当有请求且请求路径是设置的路径(token或者api/token),Invoke方法执行,token节点只对 POST请求而且包括form-urlencoded内容类型(Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded),因此调用之前需要检查下内容类型。
最重要的是GenerateToken,这个方法需要验证用户的身份,生成jwt,传回jwt:
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private async Task GenerateToken(HttpContext context)
{
var username = context.Request.Form[ "username" ];
var password = context.Request.Form[ "password" ];
var identity = await GetIdentity(username, password);
if (identity == null )
{
context.Response.StatusCode = 400;
await context.Response.WriteAsync( "Invalid username or password." );
return ;
}
var now = DateTime.UtcNow;
// Specifically add the jti (random nonce), iat (issued timestamp), and sub (subject/user) claims.
// You can add other claims here, if you want:
var claims = new Claim[]
{
new Claim(JwtRegisteredClaimNames.Sub, username),
new Claim(JwtRegisteredClaimNames.Jti, Guid.NewGuid().ToString()),
new Claim(JwtRegisteredClaimNames.Iat, ToUnixEpochDate(now).ToString(), ClaimValueTypes.Integer64)
};
// Create the JWT and write it to a string
var jwt = new JwtSecurityToken(
issuer: _options.Issuer,
audience: _options.Audience,
claims: claims,
notBefore: now,
expires: now.Add(_options.Expiration),
signingCredentials: _options.SigningCredentials);
var encodedJwt = new JwtSecurityTokenHandler().WriteToken(jwt);
var response = new
{
access_token = encodedJwt,
expires_in = ( int )_options.Expiration.TotalSeconds
};
// Serialize and return the response
context.Response.ContentType = "application/json" ;
await context.Response.WriteAsync(JsonConvert.SerializeObject(response, new JsonSerializerSettings { Formatting = Formatting.Indented }));
}
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大部分代码都很官方,JwtSecurityToken 类生成jwt,JwtSecurityTokenHandler将jwt编码,你可以在claims中添加任何chaims。验证用户身份只是简单的验证,实际情况肯定不是这样的,你可以集成 identity framework或者其他的,对于这个实例只是简单的硬编码:
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private Task<ClaimsIdentity> GetIdentity( string username, string password)
{
// DON'T do this in production, obviously!
if (username == "TEST" && password == "TEST123" )
{
return Task.FromResult( new ClaimsIdentity( new System.Security.Principal.GenericIdentity(username, "Token" ), new Claim[] { }));
}
// Credentials are invalid, or account doesn't exist
return Task.FromResult<ClaimsIdentity>( null );
}
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添加一个将DateTime生成timestamp的方法:
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public static long ToUnixEpochDate(DateTime date)
=> ( long )Math.Round((date.ToUniversalTime() - new DateTimeOffset(1970, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, TimeSpan.Zero)).TotalSeconds);
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现在,你可以将这个中间件添加到startup.cs中了:
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using System.Text;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Builder;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Hosting;
using Microsoft.Extensions.Configuration;
using Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyInjection;
using Microsoft.Extensions.Logging;
using Microsoft.Extensions.Options;
using Microsoft.IdentityModel.Tokens;
namespace SimpleTokenProvider
{
public partial class Startup
{
public Startup(IHostingEnvironment env)
{
var builder = new ConfigurationBuilder()
.AddJsonFile( "appsettings.json" , optional: true );
Configuration = builder.Build();
}
public IConfigurationRoot Configuration { get ; set ; }
public void ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services)
{
services.AddMvc();
}
// The secret key every token will be signed with.
// In production, you should store this securely in environment variables
// or a key management tool. Don't hardcode this into your application!
private static readonly string secretKey = "mysupersecret_secretkey!123" ;
public void Configure(IApplicationBuilder app, IHostingEnvironment env, ILoggerFactory loggerFactory)
{
loggerFactory.AddConsole(LogLevel.Debug);
loggerFactory.AddDebug();
app.UseStaticFiles();
// Add JWT generation endpoint:
var signingKey = new SymmetricSecurityKey(Encoding.ASCII.GetBytes(secretKey));
var options = new TokenProviderOptions
{
Audience = "ExampleAudience" ,
Issuer = "ExampleIssuer" ,
SigningCredentials = new SigningCredentials(signingKey, SecurityAlgorithms.HmacSha256),
};
app.UseMiddleware<TokenProviderMiddleware>(Options.Create(options));
app.UseMvc();
}
}
}
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测试一下,推荐使用chrome 的postman:
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POST /token
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
username=TEST&password=TEST123
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结果:
OK
Content-Type: application/json
{
"access_token": "eyJhb...",
"expires_in": 300
}
你可以使用jwt工具查看生成的jwt内容。如果开发的是移动应用或者单页应用,你可以在后续请求的header中存储jwt,如果你需要在cookies中存储的话,你需要对代码修改一下,需要将返回的jwt字符串添加到cookie中。
测试下:
其他方案
下面是比较成熟的项目,可以在实际项目中使用:
- AspNet.Security.OpenIdConnect.Server – ASP.NET 4.x的验证中间件。
- OpenIddict – 在identity上添加OpenId验证。
- IdentityServer4 – .NET Core认证中间件(现在测试版本)。
下面的文章可以让你更加的了解认证:
- Overview of Token Authentication Features
- How Token Authentication Works in Stormpath
- Use JWTs the Right Way!
以上就是本文的全部内容,希望对大家的学习有所帮助,也希望大家多多支持服务器之家。
原文链接:http://www.cnblogs.com/indexlang/p/indexlang.html