本篇采用比较的方式展示Java和scala代码 (在scala中出现的 =>符合基本可以理解为一个函数了)
Java版本的if语句:
<span style="font-size:14px;">// This is Javascalar版本的if语句:
String filename = "default.properties";
if (options.contains("configFile"))
filename = (String)options.get("configFile");</span>
<span style="font-size:14px;">// This is Scala
val filename =
if (options.contains("configFile"))
options.get("configFile")
else
"default.properties"</span>
Java版本的三元操作符:
<span style="font-size:14px;">//This is Java
final String filename =
options.contains("configFile") <span style="background-color: rgb(192, 192, 192);">?</span>
options.get("configFile") <span style="background-color: rgb(153, 153, 153);">: </span>"default.properties";</span>
Java版本的while语句(以快速排序为例):
<span style="font-size:14px;">//This is Javascala版本的while代码:
void sort(int[] xs) {
sort(xs, 0, xs.length -1 );
}
void sort(int[] xs, int l, int r) {
int pivot = xs[(l+r)/2];
int a = l; int b = r;
while (a <= b)
while (xs[a] < pivot) { a = a + 1; }
while (xs[b] > pivot) { b = b – 1; }
if (a <= b) {
swap(xs, a, b);
a = a + 1;
b = b – 1;
}
}
if (l < b) sort(xs, l, b);
if (b < r) sort(xs, a, r);
}
void swap(int[] arr, int i, int j) {
int t = arr[i]; arr[i] = arr[j]; arr[j] = t;
}</span>
<span style="font-size:14px;">//This is Scala不过上面的代码不够简介,不能体现出scala的特性,接下来做出一些改进:
def sort(xs: Array[Int]) {
def swap(i: Int, j: Int) {
val t = xs(i); xs(i) = xs(j); xs(j) = t
}
def sort1(l: Int, r: Int) {
val pivot = xs((l + r) / 2)
var i = l; var j = r
while (i <= j) {
while (xs(i) < pivot) i += 1
while (xs(j) > pivot) j -= 1
if (i <= j) {
swap(i, j)
i += 1
j -= 1
}
}
if (l < j) sort1(l, j)
if (j < r) sort1(i, r)
}
sort1(0, xs.length 1)
}</span>
<span style="font-size:14px;">//This is Scala
def sort(xs: Array[Int]): Array[Int] =
if (xs.length <= 1) xs
else {
val pivot = xs(xs.length / 2)
Array.concat( //contat是scala自带的合并数组的方法
sort(xs filter (pivot >)),
xs filter (pivot ==),
sort(xs filter (pivot <)))
}</span>
自定义的控制结构
<span style="font-size:14px;">// This is Scala其实在scala自带的if实现中,也是一个函数
def While (p: => Boolean) (s: => Unit) {
if (p) { s ; While(p)(s) }
}</span>
scala中的异常捕获:
<span style="font-size:14px;">// This is Scala
val url =
try {
new URL(possibleURL)
}
catch {
case ex: MalformedURLException =>
new URL("www.tedneward.com")
}</span>
一个自定义的异常捕获:
<span style="font-size:14px;">// This is Scala
object Application
{
def generateException()
{
System.out.println("Generating exception...");
throw new Exception("Generated exception");
}
def main(args : Array[String])
{
<span style="background-color: rgb(192, 192, 192);">tryWithLogging // This is not part of the language 标注部分代码也可写成 tryWithLogging(generateException)
{
generateException
}</span>
System.out.println("Exiting main()");
}
def tryWithLogging (s: => Unit) {
try {
s
}
catch {
case ex: Exception =>
// where would you like to log this?
// I choose the console window, for now
ex.printStackTrace()
}
}
}</span>
for控制结构:
scala中的控制结构的源泉 for循环结构 在for循环中有一些概念,要理解清楚(spark做准备)
<span style="font-size:14px;">object Application同一下代码,做对比呀:
{
def main(args : Array[String])
{
for (i <-<span style="background-color: rgb(192, 192, 192);"> 1 to 10</span>) // the left-arrow means "assignment" in Scala
System.out.println("Counting " + i)
}
}</span>
<span style="font-size:14px;">object Application实际上,Scala 的
{
def main(args : Array[String])
{
for (i <- <span style="background-color: rgb(192, 192, 192);">1.to(10)</span>) // the left-arrow means "assignment" in Scala //for后面的 ()中的内容可以理解为发生器 创建要循环的对象 这个to方法在Int类中
System.out.println("Counting " + i)
}
}</span>
for
并不了解那些成员,并且并不比其他任何对象类型做得更好。它所了解的是 scala.Iterable
,scala.Iterable 定义了在集合上进行迭代的基本行为。提供 Iterable
功能(从技术上说,它是 Scala 中的一个特征,但现在将它视为一个接口)的任何东西都可以用作for
表达式的核心。List
、Array
,甚至是您自己的自定义类型,都可以在 for
中使用。(在scala的源码中你会发现,RichInt这个类中的to方法,然后一路跟踪你会发现一个抽象基类实现了Iterable接口)for的特殊性:
(1)可以使用一个 for
循环在操作过程中过滤许多项:
<span style="font-size:14px;">// This is Scala
object Application
{
def main(args : Array[String])
{
for (i <- 1 to 10;<span style="background-color: rgb(192, 192, 192);"> i % 2 == 0</span>) 这就是一个filter(过滤器:对于给定集合,通过对其内部元素的判断返回true或者false的函数) 对于for后面的整个括号就是一个发生器,用于产生提供给for循环的iterater对象的
System.out.println("Counting " + i)
}
}</span>
下面给出一个通过if作为过滤器的for循环例子:
<span style="font-size:14px;">// This is Scala处于简化的考虑,scala中可以就爱那个for括号中的语句当作代码块处理:
object App
{
def main(args : Array[String]) =
{
val filesHere = (new java.io.File(".")).listFiles
for (
<span style="background-color: rgb(192, 192, 192);"> file <- filesHere;
if file.isFile;
if file.getName.endsWith(".scala")</span>
) System.out.println("Found " + file)
}
}</span>
<span style="font-size:14px;">// This is Scalafor的一些额外用法:
object App
{
def main(args : Array[String]) =
{
val filesHere = (new java.io.File(".")).listFiles
for {
<span style="background-color: rgb(192, 192, 192);"> file <- filesHere
if file.isFile
if file.getName.endsWith(".scala")</span>
} System.out.println("Found " + file)
}
}</span>
<span style="font-size:14px;">// This is Scala在for中进行嵌套迭代(可以看出嵌套迭代执行的顺序先左后右):
object App
{
def main(args : Array[String]) =
{
// Note the array-initialization syntax; the type (Array[String])
// is inferred from the initialized elements
val names = Array("Ted Neward", "Neal Ford", "Scott Davis",
"Venkat Subramaniam", "David Geary")
for {
name <- names
<span style="background-color: rgb(192, 192, 192);"> firstName = name.substring(0, name.indexOf(' ')) //<span style="color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 22.375px;">这被称为 “中途赋值(midstream assignment)”,其工作原理如下:定义了一个新值 </span><code style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-family: 'Andale Mono', 'Lucida Console', Monaco, Liberation, fixed, monospace; line-height: 1.5em;">firstName</code><span style="color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 22.375px;">,该值用于保存每次执行循环后的 </span><code style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-family: 'Andale Mono', 'Lucida Console', Monaco, Liberation, fixed, monospace; line-height: 1.5em;">substring</code><span style="color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 22.375px;">调用的值,以后可以在循环主体中使用此值。</span></span>
} System.out.println("Found " + firstName)
}
}</span>
// This is Scala
object App
{
def grep(pattern : String, dir : java.io.File) =
{
val <span style="background-color: rgb(192, 192, 192);">filesHere</span> = dir.listFiles
for (
<span style="background-color: rgb(192, 192, 192);">file <- filesHere;</span>
if (file.getName.endsWith(".scala") || file.getName.endsWith(".java"));
<span style="background-color: rgb(192, 192, 192);"> line <- scala.io.Source.fromFile(file).getLines;</span>
if line.trim.matches(pattern)
) println(line)
}
def main(args : Array[String]) =
{
val pattern = ".*object.*"
grep pattern new java.io.File(".")
}
}
match控制结构(不仅仅是对string的匹配,还可以进行构造参数的匹配等,下次再作补充):
// This is Scala
object App
{
def main(args : Array[String]) =
{
for (<span style="background-color: rgb(192, 192, 192);">arg</span> <- args) //定义方式
<span style="background-color: rgb(192, 192, 192);">arg match</span> {
case "Java" => println("Java is nice...")
case "Scala" => println("Scala is cool...")
case "Ruby" => println("Ruby is for wimps...")
case _ => println("What are you, a VB programmer?")
}
}
}