一、依赖注入(DI)
依赖注入听起来很高深的样子,其实白话就是:给属性赋值。一共有两种方法,第一是以构造器参数的形式,另外一种就是以setting方法的形式。
1 构造器注入
1 使用构造器注入
使用xml的注入方式
A. 通过参数的顺序
<constructor-arg index="0"><value>张三</value></constructor-arg>
<constructor-arg index="1"><value>56</value></constructor-arg>
B. 通过参数的类型
<constructor-arg type="java.lang.Integer"><value>56</value></constructor-arg>
<constructor-arg type="java.lang.String"><value>张三</value></constructor-arg>
具体实例
假如现在要对一个Person类注入参数,Student是一个另外一个类。
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public class Person {
private String pid;
private String name;
private Student student;
public Person(String pid, Student student){
this .pid= pid;
this .student = student;
}
public Person(String pid, String name){
this .pid = pid;
this .name = name;
}
}
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配置applicationContext.xml,假如不进行参数配置,则报错,找不到相应的构造器。配置了相应的参数,则应在类中声明相应的构造函数。
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<? xml version = "1.0" encoding = "UTF-8" ?>
< beans xmlns = "http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
xmlns:xsi = "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-2.5.xsd">
< bean id = "person" class = "com.itheima10.spring.di.xml.constructor.Person" >
<!--
不配参数,将会采取默认的构造器
constructor-arg person类中某一个构造器的某一个参数
index 为参数的角标
type 参数的类型
value 如果为基础属性,则用这个赋值
ref 引用类型赋值
-->
< constructor-arg index = "0" type = "java.lang.String" value = "aaa" ></ constructor-arg >
< constructor-arg index = "1" ref = "student" ></ constructor-arg >
</ bean >
< bean id = "person1" class = "com.itheima10.spring.di.xml.constructor.Person" >
< property name = "pid" value = "1" ></ property >
</ bean >
< bean id = "student" class = "com.itheima10.spring.di.xml.constructor.Student" ></ bean >
</ beans >
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编写测试类DIXMLConstructorTest ,进行断点调试,将会发现根据配置的参数,进入的构造函数是Person(String pid, Student student)
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public class DIXMLConstructorTest {
@Test
public void test1(){
ApplicationContext context = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext( "applicationContext.xml" );
Person person = (Person) context.getBean( "person" );
}
}
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2 使用属性setter方法进行注入
使用xml的注入方式:
A. 简单Bean的注入
简单Bean包括两种类型:包装类型和String
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< bean id = "personService" class = "com.itcast.bean.impl.PersonServiceImpl" >
<!-- 基本类型,string类型 -->
< property name = "age" value = "20" ></ property >
< property name = "name" value = "张无忌" ></ property >
</ bean >
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B. 引用其他Bean
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< bean id = "person" class = "com.itcast.bean.Person" />
< bean id = "personService" class = "com.itcast.bean.impl.PersonServiceImpl" >
< property name = "person" ref = "person" />
</ bean >
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1.1 装配list集合
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< property name = "lists" >
< list >
< value >list1</ value >
< value >list2</ value >
< ref bean = "person" />
</ list >
</ property >
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1.2 装配set集合
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< property name = "sets" >
< set >
< value >list1</ value >
< value >list2</ value >
< ref bean = "person" />
</ set >
</ property >
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1.3 装配map
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< property name = "maps" >
< map >
< entry key = "01" >
< value >map01</ value >
</ entry >
< entry key = "02" >
< value >map02</ value >
</ entry >
</ map >
</ property >
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map中的<entry>的数值和<list>以及<set>的一样,可以使任何有效的属性元素,需要注意的是key值必须是String的。
1.4 装配Properties
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< property name = "props" >
< props >
< prop key = "01" >prop1</ prop >
< prop key = "02" >prop2</ prop >
</ props >
</ property >
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具体实例
1.创建两个对象Person和Student
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package xgp.spring.demo;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.Properties;
import java.util.Set;
public class Person {
private String pid;
private String name;
private Student student;
private List lists;
private Set sets;
private Map map;
private Properties properties;
private Object[] objects;
public Person(){
System.out.println( "new person" );
}
//省略getter和setter方法
}
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package xgp.spring.demo;
public class Student {
public Student(){
System.out.println( "new student" );
}
public void say(){
System.out.println( "student" );
}
}
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配置applicationContext.xml文件
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<? xml version = "1.0" encoding = "UTF-8" ?>
< beans xmlns = "http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
xmlns:xsi = "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-2.5.xsd">
<!--
把person和student放入到spring容器中
property 用来描述Person类的属性
value 如果是一般属性,则用value赋值
ref 如果该属性是引用类型,用ref赋值
-->
< bean id = "person" class = "com.itheima10.spring.di.xml.setter.Person"
init-method = "init"
lazy-init = "true" >
< property name = "pid" value = "1" ></ property >
< property name = "name" value = "王二麻子" ></ property >
< property name = "student" ref = "student" ></ property >
< property name = "lists" >
< list >
< value >list1</ value >
< value >list2</ value >
< ref bean = "student" />
</ list >
</ property >
< property name = "sets" >
< set >
< value >set1</ value >
< value >set2</ value >
< ref bean = "student" />
</ set >
</ property >
< property name = "map" >
< map >
< entry key = "entry1" >
< value >map1</ value >
</ entry >
< entry key = "entry2" >
< ref bean = "student" />
</ entry >
</ map >
</ property >
< property name = "properties" >
< props >
<!--
不需要引用类型
-->
< prop key = "prop1" >prop1</ prop >
< prop key = "prop2" >prop2</ prop >
</ props >
</ property >
< property name = "objects" >
< list >
< value >aa</ value >
< value >bb</ value >
</ list >
</ property >
</ bean >
< bean id = "student" class = "com.itheima10.spring.di.xml.setter.Student" ></ bean >
</ beans >
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编写测试类DIXMLSetterTest
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package xgp.spring.test;
import org.junit.Test;
import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext;
import org.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext;
import xgp.spring.demo.Person;
public class DIXMLSetterTest {
/**
* spring 容器做的事情:
* 1、spring容器做了什么?(1)启动spring容器
* (2)为person和student两个bean创建对象
* (3)解析property的name属性,拼接setter方法,解析property的
* value或者ref属性,给setter方法传递参数,利用反射技术给对象赋值。
* (4)从spring容器中,把对象提取出来,对象调用方法。
* 2、spring容器执行顺序是什么?
*/
@Test
public void test1(){
ApplicationContext context = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext( "applicationContext.xml" );
Person person = (Person) context.getBean( "person" );
System.out.println(person.getPid());
System.out.println(person.getName());
System.out.println(person.getLists());
System.out.println(person.getSets());
System.out.println(person.getMap());
System.out.println(person.getObjects().length);
}
}
/*1
王五
[list1, list2, xgp.spring.demo.Student@76a9b9c]
[set1, set2, xgp.spring.demo.Student@76a9b9c]
{entry1=map1, entry2=map2}
2*/
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spring容器的执行顺序
1.都是默认设置
2.设置student(lazy-init=true)
3.设置person(lazy-init=true)
总结
可以采用两种方法注入参数,构造器要写对应的构造函数,setter要生成相应的setter方法,并编写默认的构造器。
2.5 IOC与DI的意义
学了这些,发现有什么意义?下面写个文档管理系统例子来说明,需求见下图
1.编写Document 接口
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public interface Document {
public void read();
public void write();
}
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2、编写实现类WordDocument ,ExcelDocument ,PDFDocument
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public class WordDocument implements Document{
public void read() {
System.out.println( "word read" );
}
public void write() {
System.out.println( "word write" );
}
}
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3、编写文档管理 系统 DocumentManager
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public class DocumentManager {
private Document document;
public void setDocument(Document document) {
this .document = document;
}
public DocumentManager(){
}
public DocumentManager(Document document) {
super ();
this .document = document;
}
public void read(){
this .document.read();
}
public void write(){
this .document.write();
}
}
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4、编写测试类DocumentTest
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/**
* 利用ioc和di能做到完全的面向接口编程
*
*/
public class DocumentTest {
/**
* Document document = new WordDocument();
* 这行代码是不完全的面向接口编程,因为等号的右边出现了具体的类
*/
@Test
public void testDocument_NOSPRING(){
Document document = new WordDocument();
DocumentManager documentManager = new DocumentManager(document);
documentManager.read();
documentManager.write();
}
/**
* 在代码端不知道Document是由谁来实现的,这个是由spring的配置文件决定的
* <bean id="documentManager"
class="com.itheima10.spring.iocdi.document.DocumentManager">
<!--
document为一个接口
-->
<property name="document">
<!--
wordDocument是一个实现类,赋值给了document接口
-->
<ref bean="pdfDocument"/>
</property>
</bean>
*/
@Test
public void testDocument_Spring(){
ApplicationContext context =
new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext( "applicationContext.xml" );
DocumentManager documentManager =(DocumentManager)context.getBean( "documentManager" );
documentManager.read();
documentManager.write();
}
}
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从上面可以看出不适用spring和适用spring的区别
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<!--
documentManager,wordDocument,excelDocument,pdfDocument放入到spring容器中
-->
< bean id = "wordDocument" class = "com.itheima10.spring.iocdi.document.WordDocument" ></ bean >
< bean id = "excelDocument" class = "com.itheima10.spring.iocdi.document.ExcelDocument" ></ bean >
< bean id = "pdfDocument" class = "com.itheima10.spring.iocdi.document.PDFDocument" ></ bean >
< bean id = "documentManager"
class = "com.itheima10.spring.iocdi.document.DocumentManager" >
<!--
document为一个接口
-->
< property name = "document" >
<!--
wordDocument是一个实现类,赋值给了document接口
-->
< ref bean = "pdfDocument" />
</ property >
</ bean >
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使用spring只需要在applicationContext中配置相应的<ref bean="">对象,而不需要关注具体的实现类,实现完全的面向接口编程,这也是为什么spring能够和这么多工具集成的原因。
2.6 mvc实例–模拟structs2
需求描述
建立工程目录
编码:
1、创建Dao层
建立PersonDao接口和实现类PersonDaoImpl
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public interface PersonDao {
public void savePerson();
}
public class PersonDaoImpl implements PersonDao {
@Override
public void savePerson() {
System.out.println( " save person" );
}
}
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2、建立service层,PersonService接口与PersonServiceImpl实现类
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public interface PersonService {
public void savePerson();
}
public class PersonServiceImpl implements PersonService{
private PersonDao personDao;
public void setPersonDao(PersonDao personDao) {
this .personDao = personDao;
}
@Override
public void savePerson() {
this .personDao.savePerson();
}
}
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3、建立Action,PersonAction类
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public class PersonAction {
private PersonService personService;
public void setPersonService(PersonService personService) {
this .personService = personService;
}
public void savePerson(){
this .personService.savePerson();
}
}
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4、配置applicationContext.xml
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<!--
把service,dao,action层的类放入到spring容器中
-->
< bean id = "personDao" class = "xgp.spring.demo.PersonDaoImpl" ></ bean >
< bean id = "personService" class = "xgp.spring.demo.PersonServiceImpl" >
< property name = "personDao" >
< ref bean = "personDao" />
</ property >
</ bean >
< bean id = "personAction" class = "xgp.spring.demo.PersonAction" >
< property name = "personService" >
< ref bean = "personService" />
</ property >
</ bean >
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5、编写测试类testMVC
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public class MVCTest {
@Test
public void testMVC(){
ApplicationContext context =
new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext( "applicationContext.xml" );
PersonAction personAction = (PersonAction)context.getBean( "personAction" );
personAction.savePerson(); //save person
}
}
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上述实例很清楚的展现出了spring的面向接口编程,service层只需调用dao层的接口,而不需要关注于dao层的实现类,action也只需调用service的接口,而不需要关注service的实现类。
以上就是本文的全部内容,希望对大家的学习有所帮助,也希望大家多多支持服务器之家。
原文链接:http://blog.csdn.net/i10630226/article/details/50507100