C＃类可以从其接口继承属性吗？

This would appear to imply "no". Which is unfortunate.

这似乎意味着“不”。哪个是不幸的。

[AttributeUsage(AttributeTargets.Interface | AttributeTargets.Class,
 AllowMultiple = true, Inherited = true)]
public class CustomDescriptionAttribute : Attribute
{
    public string Description { get; private set; }

    public CustomDescriptionAttribute(string description)
    {
        Description = description;
    }
}

[CustomDescription("IProjectController")]
public interface IProjectController
{
    void Create(string projectName);
}

internal class ProjectController : IProjectController
{
    public void Create(string projectName)
    {
    }
}

[TestFixture]
public class CustomDescriptionAttributeTests
{
    [Test]
    public void ProjectController_ShouldHaveCustomDescriptionAttribute()
    {
        Type type = typeof(ProjectController);
        object[] attributes = type.GetCustomAttributes(
            typeof(CustomDescriptionAttribute),
            true);

        // NUnit.Framework.AssertionException:   Expected: 1   But was:  0
        Assert.AreEqual(1, attributes.Length);
    }
}

Can a class inherit attributes from an interface? Or am I barking up the wrong tree here?

类可以从接口继承属性吗?或者我在这里咆哮错误的树?

6 个解决方案

#1

No. Whenever implementing an interface or overriding members in a derived class, you need to re-declare the attributes.

不会。无论何时在派生类中实现接口或覆盖成员,都需要重新声明属性。

If you only care about ComponentModel (not direct reflection), there is a way ([AttributeProvider]) of suggesting attributes from an existing type (to avoid duplication), but it is only valid for property and indexer usage.

如果您只关心ComponentModel(不是直接反射),则有一种方法([AttributeProvider])建议来自现有类型的属性(以避免重复),但它仅对属性和索引器使用有效。

As an example:

举个例子:

using System;
using System.ComponentModel;
class Foo {
    [AttributeProvider(typeof(IListSource))]
    public object Bar { get; set; }

    static void Main() {
        var bar = TypeDescriptor.GetProperties(typeof(Foo))["Bar"];
        foreach (Attribute attrib in bar.Attributes) {
            Console.WriteLine(attrib);
        }
    }
}

outputs:

System.SerializableAttribute
System.ComponentModel.AttributeProviderAttribute
System.ComponentModel.EditorAttribute
System.Runtime.InteropServices.ComVisibleAttribute
System.Runtime.InteropServices.ClassInterfaceAttribute
System.ComponentModel.TypeConverterAttribute
System.ComponentModel.MergablePropertyAttribute

#2

You can define a useful extension method ...

您可以定义一个有用的扩展方法......

Type type = typeof(ProjectController);
var attributes = type.GetCustomAttributes<CustomDescriptionAttribute>( true );

Here is the extension method:

这是扩展方法:

/// <summary>Searches and returns attributes. The inheritance chain is not used to find the attributes.</summary>
/// <typeparam name="T">The type of attribute to search for.</typeparam>
/// <param name="type">The type which is searched for the attributes.</param>
/// <returns>Returns all attributes.</returns>
public static T[] GetCustomAttributes<T>( this Type type ) where T : Attribute
{
  return GetCustomAttributes( type, typeof( T ), false ).Select( arg => (T)arg ).ToArray();
}

/// <summary>Searches and returns attributes.</summary>
/// <typeparam name="T">The type of attribute to search for.</typeparam>
/// <param name="type">The type which is searched for the attributes.</param>
/// <param name="inherit">Specifies whether to search this member's inheritance chain to find the attributes. Interfaces will be searched, too.</param>
/// <returns>Returns all attributes.</returns>
public static T[] GetCustomAttributes<T>( this Type type, bool inherit ) where T : Attribute
{
  return GetCustomAttributes( type, typeof( T ), inherit ).Select( arg => (T)arg ).ToArray();
}

/// <summary>Private helper for searching attributes.</summary>
/// <param name="type">The type which is searched for the attribute.</param>
/// <param name="attributeType">The type of attribute to search for.</param>
/// <param name="inherit">Specifies whether to search this member's inheritance chain to find the attribute. Interfaces will be searched, too.</param>
/// <returns>An array that contains all the custom attributes, or an array with zero elements if no attributes are defined.</returns>
private static object[] GetCustomAttributes( Type type, Type attributeType, bool inherit )
{
  if( !inherit )
  {
    return type.GetCustomAttributes( attributeType, false );
  }

  var attributeCollection = new Collection<object>();
  var baseType = type;

  do
  {
    baseType.GetCustomAttributes( attributeType, true ).Apply( attributeCollection.Add );
    baseType = baseType.BaseType;
  }
  while( baseType != null );

  foreach( var interfaceType in type.GetInterfaces() )
  {
    GetCustomAttributes( interfaceType, attributeType, true ).Apply( attributeCollection.Add );
  }

  var attributeArray = new object[attributeCollection.Count];
  attributeCollection.CopyTo( attributeArray, 0 );
  return attributeArray;
}

/// <summary>Applies a function to every element of the list.</summary>
private static void Apply<T>( this IEnumerable<T> enumerable, Action<T> function )
{
  foreach( var item in enumerable )
  {
    function.Invoke( item );
  }
}

Update:

Here is a shorter version as proposed by SimonD in a comment:

以下是SimonD在评论中提出的较短版本:

private static IEnumerable<T> GetCustomAttributesIncludingBaseInterfaces<T>(this Type type)
{
  var attributeType = typeof(T);
  return type.GetCustomAttributes(attributeType, true).
    Union(type.GetInterfaces().
    SelectMany(interfaceType => interfaceType.GetCustomAttributes(attributeType, true))).
    Distinct().Cast<T>();
}

#3

An article by Brad Wilson about this: Interface Attributes != Class Attributes

Brad Wilson关于此的文章:接口属性!=类属性

To summarise: classes don't inherit from interfaces, they implement them. This means that the attributes are not automatically part of the implementation.

总结一下:类不从接口继承,而是实现它们。这意味着属性不会自动成为实现的一部分。

If you need to inherit attributes, use an abstract base class, rather than an interface.

如果需要继承属性,请使用抽象基类,而不是接口。

#4

While a C# class does not inherit attributes from its interfaces, there is a useful alternative when binding models in ASP.NET MVC3.

虽然C#类不从其接口继承属性,但在ASP.NET MVC3中绑定模型时有一个有用的替代方法。

If you declare the view's model to be the interface rather than the concrete type, then the view and the model binder will apply the attributes (e.g., [Required] or [DisplayName("Foo")] from the interface when rendering and validating the model:

如果您将视图的模型声明为接口而不是具体类型,那么视图和模型绑定器将在呈现和验证时从接口应用属性(例如,[Required]或[DisplayName(“Foo”)]模型:

public interface IModel {
    [Required]
    [DisplayName("Foo Bar")]
    string FooBar { get; set; }
} 

public class Model : IModel {
    public string FooBar { get; set; }
}

Then in the view:

然后在视图中:

@* Note use of interface type for the view model *@
@model IModel 

@* This control will receive the attributes from the interface *@
@Html.EditorFor(m => m.FooBar)

#5

This is more for people looking to extract attributes from properties that may exist on an implemented interface. Because those attributes are not part of the class, this will give you access to them. note, I have a simple container class that gives you access to the PropertyInfo - as that is what I needed it for. Hack up as you need. This worked well for me.

对于希望从已实现的接口上可能存在的属性中提取属性的人来说,这更多。因为这些属性不是类的一部分,所以这将允许您访问它们。请注意,我有一个简单的容器类,可以让您访问PropertyInfo - 因为这就是我所需要的。随便解雇。这对我很有用。

public static class CustomAttributeExtractorExtensions
{
    /// <summary>
    /// Extraction of property attributes as well as attributes on implemented interfaces.
    /// This will walk up recursive to collect any interface attribute as well as their parent interfaces.
    /// </summary>
    /// <typeparam name="TAttributeType"></typeparam>
    /// <param name="typeToReflect"></param>
    /// <returns></returns>
    public static List<PropertyAttributeContainer<TAttributeType>> GetPropertyAttributesFromType<TAttributeType>(this Type typeToReflect)
        where TAttributeType : Attribute
    {
        var list = new List<PropertyAttributeContainer<TAttributeType>>();

        // Loop over the direct property members
        var properties = typeToReflect.GetProperties();

        foreach (var propertyInfo in properties)
        {
            // Get the attributes as well as from the inherited classes (true)
            var attributes = propertyInfo.GetCustomAttributes<TAttributeType>(true).ToList();
            if (!attributes.Any()) continue;

            list.AddRange(attributes.Select(attr => new PropertyAttributeContainer<TAttributeType>(attr, propertyInfo)));
        }

        // Look at the type interface declarations and extract from that type.
        var interfaces = typeToReflect.GetInterfaces();

        foreach (var @interface in interfaces)
        {
            list.AddRange(@interface.GetPropertyAttributesFromType<TAttributeType>());
        }

        return list;

    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Simple container for the Property and Attribute used. Handy if you want refrence to the original property.
    /// </summary>
    /// <typeparam name="TAttributeType"></typeparam>
    public class PropertyAttributeContainer<TAttributeType>
    {
        internal PropertyAttributeContainer(TAttributeType attribute, PropertyInfo property)
        {
            Property = property;
            Attribute = attribute;
        }

        public PropertyInfo Property { get; private set; }

        public TAttributeType Attribute { get; private set; }
    }
}

#6

EDIT: this covers inheriting attributes from interfaces on members (incl. properties). There are simple answers above for type definitions. I just posted this because I found it to be an irritating limitation and wanted to share a solution :)

编辑:这包括继承成员接口(包括属性)的属性。上面有关于类型定义的简单答案。我刚发布这个因为我发现它是一个恼人的限制,并希望分享一个解决方案:)

Interfaces are multiple inheritance and behave as inheritance in the type system. There isn't a good reason for this kind of stuff. Reflection is a bit hokey. I've added comments to explain the nonsense.

接口是多重继承,在类型系统中表现为继承。这种东西没有充分的理由。反思有点儿。我添加了评论以解释废话。

(This is .NET 3.5 because this it just happens to be what the project I'm doing at the moment is using.)

(这是.NET 3.5,因为它恰好是我正在做的项目正在使用的。)

// in later .NETs, you can cache reflection extensions using a static generic class and
// a ConcurrentDictionary. E.g.
//public static class Attributes<T> where T : Attribute
//{
//    private static readonly ConcurrentDictionary<MemberInfo, IReadOnlyCollection<T>> _cache =
//        new ConcurrentDictionary<MemberInfo, IReadOnlyCollection<T>>();
//
//    public static IReadOnlyCollection<T> Get(MemberInfo member)
//    {
//        return _cache.GetOrAdd(member, GetImpl, Enumerable.Empty<T>().ToArray());
//    }
//    //GetImpl as per code below except that recursive steps re-enter via the cache
//}

public static List<T> GetAttributes<T>(this MemberInfo member) where T : Attribute
{
    // determine whether to inherit based on the AttributeUsage
    // you could add a bool parameter if you like but I think it defeats the purpose of the usage
    var usage = typeof(T).GetCustomAttributes(typeof(AttributeUsageAttribute), true)
        .Cast<AttributeUsageAttribute>()
        .FirstOrDefault();
    var inherit = usage != null && usage.Inherited;

    return (
        inherit
            ? GetAttributesRecurse<T>(member)
            : member.GetCustomAttributes(typeof (T), false).Cast<T>()
        )
        .Distinct()  // interfaces mean duplicates are a thing
        // note: attribute equivalence needs to be overridden. The default is not great.
        .ToList();
}

private static IEnumerable<T> GetAttributesRecurse<T>(MemberInfo member) where T : Attribute
{
    // must use Attribute.GetCustomAttribute rather than MemberInfo.GetCustomAttribute as the latter
    // won't retrieve inherited attributes from base *classes*
    foreach (T attribute in Attribute.GetCustomAttributes(member, typeof (T), true))
        yield return attribute;

    // The most reliable target in the interface map is the property get method.
    // If you have set-only properties, you'll need to handle that case. I generally just ignore that
    // case because it doesn't make sense to me.
    PropertyInfo property;
    var target = (property = member as PropertyInfo) != null ? property.GetGetMethod() : member;

    foreach (var @interface in member.DeclaringType.GetInterfaces())
    {
        // The interface map is two aligned arrays; TargetMethods and InterfaceMethods.
        var map = member.DeclaringType.GetInterfaceMap(@interface);
        var memberIndex = Array.IndexOf(map.TargetMethods, target); // see target above
        if (memberIndex < 0) continue;

        // To recurse, we still need to hit the property on the parent interface.
        // Why don't we just use the get method from the start? Because GetCustomAttributes won't work.
        var interfaceMethod = property != null
            // name of property get method is get_<property name>
            // so name of parent property is substring(4) of that - this is reliable IME
            ? @interface.GetProperty(map.InterfaceMethods[memberIndex].Name.Substring(4))
            : (MemberInfo) map.InterfaceMethods[memberIndex];

        // Continuation is the word to google if you don't understand this
        foreach (var attribute in interfaceMethod.GetAttributes<T>())
            yield return attribute;
    }
}

Barebones NUnit test

Barebones NUnit测试

[TestFixture]
public class GetAttributesTest
{
    [AttributeUsage(AttributeTargets.All, AllowMultiple = true, Inherited = true)]
    private sealed class A : Attribute
    {
        // default equality for Attributes is apparently semantic
        public override bool Equals(object obj)
        {
            return ReferenceEquals(this, obj);
        }

        public override int GetHashCode()
        {
            return base.GetHashCode();
        }
    }

    [AttributeUsage(AttributeTargets.All, AllowMultiple = true, Inherited = false)]
    private sealed class ANotInherited : Attribute { }

    public interface Top
    {
        [A, ANotInherited]
        void M();

        [A, ANotInherited]
        int P { get; }
    }

    public interface Middle : Top { }

    private abstract class Base
    {
        [A, ANotInherited]
        public abstract void M();

        [A, ANotInherited]
        public abstract int P { get; }
    }

    private class Bottom : Base, Middle
    {
        [A, ANotInherited]
        public override void M()
        {
            throw new NotImplementedException();
        }

        [A, ANotInherited]
        public override int P { get { return 42; } }
    }

    [Test]
    public void GetsAllInheritedAttributesOnMethods()
    {
        var attributes = typeof (Bottom).GetMethod("M").GetAttributes<A>();
        attributes.Should()
            .HaveCount(3, "there are 3 inherited copies in the class heirarchy and A is inherited");
    }

    [Test]
    public void DoesntGetNonInheritedAttributesOnMethods()
    {
        var attributes = typeof (Bottom).GetMethod("M").GetAttributes<ANotInherited>();
        attributes.Should()
            .HaveCount(1, "it shouldn't get copies of the attribute from base classes for a non-inherited attribute");
    }

    [Test]
    public void GetsAllInheritedAttributesOnProperties()
    {
        var attributes = typeof(Bottom).GetProperty("P").GetAttributes<A>();
        attributes.Should()
            .HaveCount(3, "there are 3 inherited copies in the class heirarchy and A is inherited");
    }

    [Test]
    public void DoesntGetNonInheritedAttributesOnProperties()
    {
        var attributes = typeof(Bottom).GetProperty("P").GetAttributes<ANotInherited>();
        attributes.Should()
            .HaveCount(1, "it shouldn't get copies of the attribute from base classes for a non-inherited attribute");
    }
}