Python是一门弱类型语言,很多从C/C++转过来的朋友起初不是很适应。比如,在声明一个函数时,不能指定参数的类型。用C做类比,那就是所有参数都是void*类型!void类型强制转换在C++中被广泛地认为是个坏习惯,不到万不得已是不会使用的。
Python自然没有类型强制转换一说了,因为它是动态语言。首先,所有对象都从Object继承而来,其次,它有强大的内省,如果调用某个不存在的方法会有异常抛出。大多数情况,我们都不需要做参数类型栓查,除了一些特殊情况。例如,某个函数接受一个str类型,结果在实际调用时传入的是unicode,测试过程中又没有代码覆盖到,这样问题就比较严重了。解决方法也很简单,借助Python的内省,很容易就能判断出参数的类型。但是每个地方都写检查代码会很累赘,何况它带来的实际价值并不高。一个好的解决方法是使用装饰器。
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'''
>>> NONE, MEDIUM, STRONG = 0, 1, 2
>>>
>>> @accepts(int, int, int)
... def average(x, y, z):
... return (x + y + z) / 2
...
>>> average(5.5, 10, 15.0)
TypeWarning: 'average' method accepts (int, int, int), but was given
(float, int, float)
15.25
'''
def accepts( * types, * * kw):
""" Function decorator. Checks that inputs given to decorated function
are of the expected type.
Parameters:
types -- The expected types of the inputs to the decorated function.
Must specify type for each parameter.
kw -- Optional specification of 'debug' level (this is the only valid
keyword argument, no other should be given).
debug = ( 0 | 1 | 2 )
"""
if not kw:
# default level: MEDIUM
debug = 1
else :
debug = kw[ 'debug' ]
try :
def decorator(f):
def newf( * args):
if debug = = 0 :
return f( * args)
assert len (args) = = len (types)
argtypes = tuple ( map ( type , args))
if argtypes ! = types:
msg = info(f.__name__, types, argtypes, 0 )
if debug = = 1 :
print >> sys.stderr, 'TypeWarning: ' , msg
elif debug = = 2 :
raise TypeError, msg
return f( * args)
newf.__name__ = f.__name__
return newf
return decorator
except KeyError, key:
raise KeyError, key + "is not a valid keyword argument"
except TypeError, msg:
raise TypeError, msg
def info(fname, expected, actual, flag):
""" Convenience function returns nicely formatted error/warning msg. """
format = lambda types: ', ' .join([ str (t).split( "'" )[ 1 ] for t in types])
expected, actual = format (expected), format (actual)
msg = "'%s' method " % fname \
+ ( "accepts" , "returns" )[flag] + " (%s), but " % expected\
+ ( "was given" , "result is" )[flag] + " (%s)" % actual
return msg
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本质上讲,这也是一种运行时检查,但效果已经不错了。
更多有趣的装饰器的使用,可以参考这篇文章http://wiki.python.org/moin/PythonDecoratorLibrary