C#面试分享:单例模式
提问1:请给出单例模式的实现:
答:
public class Animal
{
private static Animal _instance = null;
private static readonly object _lock = new object();
public static Animal Instance
{
get
{
if (_instance == null)
{
lock (_lock)
{
if (_instance == null)
{
_instance = new Animal();
}
}
}
return _instance;
}
}
public string Name { get; set; } = "Animal"
private Animal() {}
public void Print()
{
Console.WriteLine("i am " + Name);
}
}
提问2:继承会破坏单例模式吗?
分析:
说实话,当时这个问题把我给问懵了,没有想明白面试官想考察什么。
下面参考《Head First 设计模式》一书的相关问题,来做一些分析:
首先,就上文的代码而言,子类可以继承 Animal 吗?
答案显然是不能的,因为Animal的构造函数是私有(private)的。为了不破坏单例模式"唯一实例,全局访问点"这两个约束条件,我们把构造器改为 protected ,这样子类就能顺利继承Animal了。
第二点,我们假定所有的子类也是单例的,所以每个子类都应该实现 Instance 这么一个全局访问点,以下代码实现了继承自 Animal 的子类 Cat 单例模式:
public class Cat : Animal
{
private static Cat _instance = null;
private static readonly object _lock = new object();
public new static Cat Instance
{
get
{
if (_instance == null)
{
lock (_lock)
{
if (_instance == null)
{
_instance = new Cat();
}
}
}
return _instance;
}
}
protected Cat()
{
Name = "cat";
}
}
测试:
Animal animal = Animal.Instance;
Animal cat = Cat.Instance;
animal.Print();
cat.Print();
打印结果:
i am animal
i am animal
这种结果显然是有问题的,原因就在于子类 Cat 的 Instance 是用 new 修饰的,cat对象调用的Instance属性其实还是父类 Animal 的Instance属性。
解决方法就是在父类中实现“注册器”,提供父类及其所有子类的“全局访问点”,以下就是修改后的父类 Animal 代码:
public class Animal
{
private static readonly IDictionary<Type, Animal> _dictionary = new ConcurrentDictionary<Type, Animal>();
static Animal()
{
_dictionary.Add(typeof(Animal), new Animal());
}
public static T GetInstance<T>() where T : Animal
{
var type = typeof(T);
if (!_dictionary.ContainsKey(type))
{
var constructors = type.GetConstructors(BindingFlags.Instance | BindingFlags.NonPublic);
var constructor = constructors[0];
var animal = constructor.Invoke(null) as Animal;
_dictionary.Add(type, animal);
return animal as T;
}
return _dictionary[type] as T;
}
public string Name { get; protected set; }
protected Animal()
{
Name = "Animal";
}
public void Print()
{
Console.WriteLine("i am " + Name);
}
}
Cat代码
public class Cat : Animal
{
protected Cat()
{
Name = "Cat";
}
}
测试:
static void Main(string[] args)
{
Animal animal = Animal.GetInstance<Animal>();
Animal cat = Animal.GetInstance<Cat>();
animal.Print();
cat.Print();
Console.ReadLine();
}
输出:
i am Animal
i am Cat