异常的英文单词是exception,字面翻译就是“意外、例外”的意思,也就是非正常情况。事实上,异常本质上是程序上的错误,包括程序逻辑错误和系统错误。
一 前言
java异常处理大家都不陌生,总的来说有下面两点:
1.抛出异常:throw exception
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class SimpleException{
public void a() throws Exception{
throw new Exception();
};
}
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2.捕获异常:
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public class MyException {
public static void main(String[] args){
MyException e = new MyException();
SimpleException se = new SimpleException();
try {
se.a();
} catch (Exception e1) {
e1.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
class SimpleException{
public void a() throws Exception{
throw new Exception();
};
}
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本文将在此基础上,更加深入的谈一些细节问题。
二 自定义异常类
java语言为我们提供了很多异常类,但是有时候我们为了写代码的方便还是要自定义的去创造异常类:
class SimpleException extends Exception {};
创建好之后我们可以使用try catch捕获它:
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public class MyException {
public static void main(String[] args){
MyException e = new MyException();
try {
e.a();
} catch (SimpleException e1) {
e1.printStackTrace();
}
}
public void a() throws SimpleException{
throw new SimpleException();
}
}
class SimpleException extends Exception {};
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我们在MyException中定义了一个方法a(),让它抛出SimpleException异常,然后我们在main()中调用这个方法,并使用try catch捕获了这个异常:
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SimpleException
at MyException.a(MyException.java: 15 )
at MyException.main(MyException.java: 8 )
at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke0(Native Method)
at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(NativeMethodAccessorImpl.java: 57 )
at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java: 43 )
at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java: 606 )
at com.intellij.rt.execution.application.AppMain.main(AppMain.java: 144 )
Process finished with exit code 0
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编译执行后的结果,主要看前三行就行了。这里着重说明几点:
1.抛出异常类型的指定:(exception specification)
当我们需要在一个方法中抛出一个异常时,我们使用throw后加某异常类的实例,程序会在此向客户端程序(调用这段代码的程序)抛出对应异常并在此退出(相当于return)。另外需要注意的是,我们必须在定义该方法的时候指明异常类型,比如下面这段代码会抛出SimpleException异常
public void a() throws SimpleException
2.抛出多个异常:
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public void a() throws SimpleException,AException,BException{
throw new SimpleException();
}
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不同的异常类之间用逗号隔开即可,在这种情况下我们不必须throw每个异常类的实例(),但是客户端代码必须要catch到每个异常类:
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public class MyException {
public static void main(String[] args){
MyException e = new MyException();
try {
e.a();
} catch (SimpleException e1) {
e1.printStackTrace();
} catch (BException e1) {
e1.printStackTrace();
} catch (AException e1) {
e1.printStackTrace();
}
}
public void a() throws SimpleException,AException,BException{
throw new SimpleException();
}
}
class SimpleException extends Exception {};
class AException extends Exception{}
class BException extends Exception{}
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三 stack trace
无论是抛出异常,或者是捕获处理异常,我们的目的是为了写出更健壮的程序,这很大程度上依赖于java异常机制给我们提供的异常信息,而它的载体就是stack trace。
前面的代码中我们直接使用printStackTrace()打印出异常信息,其实我们还可以使用getStackTrace()方法来获取StackTraceElement型的集合,如果你手头有IDEA的话,你可以先搜索出StackTraceElement类,可以发现它实现了接口Serializable ,再看看它的类描述:
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/**
* An element in a stack trace, as returned by {@link
* Throwable#getStackTrace()}. Each element represents a single stack frame.
* All stack frames except for the one at the top of the stack represent
* a method invocation. The frame at the top of the stack represents the
* execution point at which the stack trace was generated. Typically,
* this is the point at which the throwable corresponding to the stack trace
* was created.
*
* @since 1.4
* @author Josh Bloch
*/
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讲的很清楚,这个类的每个实例都是stack trace的一个元素,代表着一个stack frame,stack trace是由getStackTrace()方法返回的。后边的我试着翻译了几遍,都觉得不好,还是直接上代码才能说清楚:
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public class MyException {
public static void main(String[] args){
MyException e = new MyException();
e.a();
public void a(){
try {
throw new Exception();
} catch (Exception e) {
StackTraceElement[] ste = e.getStackTrace();
System.out.println(ste.length);
}
}
}
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我们定义了方法a,让它抛出Exception异常的同时捕获它,然后我们通过getStackTrace()方法得到一个StackTraceElement型的数组,并打印出数组的长度:
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Process finished with exit code 0
我们把代码稍微改一下,不在a中捕获异常了,我们重新定义一个方法b,让它在调用a的同时将异常捕获:
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public class MyException {
public static void main(String[] args){
MyException e = new MyException();
e.b();
}
public void b(){
try {
a();
} catch (Exception e) {
StackTraceElement[] ste = e.getStackTrace();
System.out.println(ste.length);
}
}
public void a() throws Exception{
throw new Exception();
}
}
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结果如下:
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Process finished with exit code 0
别急,我们再来看点有趣的:
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public class MyException {
public static void main(String[] args){
MyException exception = new MyException();
try {
exception.c();
} catch (Exception e) {
StackTraceElement[] ste = e.getStackTrace();
System.out.println(ste.length);
System.out.println( "---------------------------------------------------------------" );
for (StackTraceElement s : e.getStackTrace()){
System.out.println(s.getClassName()+ ":method " +s.getMethodName()+ " at line" +s.getLineNumber());
}
System.out.println( "---------------------------------------------------------------" );
}
}
public void c() throws Exception{
try {
a();
} catch (Exception e){
throw e;
}
}
public void a() throws Exception{
throw new Exception();
}
}
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下面是结果:
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8
---------------------------------------------------------------
MyException:method a at line43
MyException:method c at line39
MyException:method main at line9
sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl:method invoke0 at line- 2
sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl:method invoke at line57
sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl:method invoke at line43
java.lang.reflect.Method:method invoke at line606
com.intellij.rt.execution.application.AppMain:method main at line144
---------------------------------------------------------------
Process finished with exit code 0
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也就是说,getStackTrace()返回一个栈,它包含从调用者(main())到初始抛出异常者(a())的一些基本信息 ,在上面的代码中,我们在c方法中调用a方法时捕获异常并通过throws将其再次抛出(rethrow),调用c方法的方法可以捕获并处理异常,也可以选择继续抛出让更高层次的调用者(靠近栈底)处理。rethrow虽然很方便,但存在着一些问题,我们看下面这段代码:
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public class MyException {
public static void main(String[] args){
MyException exception = new MyException();
try {
exception.c();
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace(System.out);
}
}
public void c() throws Exception{
try {
a();
} catch (Exception e){
throw e;
}
}
public void a() throws Exception{
throw new Exception( "Exception from a()" );
}
}
java.lang.Exception: Exception from a()
at MyException.a(MyException.java: 40 )
at MyException.c(MyException.java: 30 )
at MyException.main(MyException.java: 21 )
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我们在c中重新抛出e,在main中使用 e.printStackTrace()打印出来,可以看到打印出来stack trace还是属于a的,如果我们想把stack trace变成c的可以这么写:
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public class MyException {
public static void main(String[] args){
MyException exception = new MyException();
try {
exception.c();
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace(System.out);
}
}
public void c() throws Exception{
try {
a();
} catch (Exception e){
// throw e;
throw (Exception)e.fillInStackTrace();
}
}
public void a() throws Exception{
throw new Exception( "Exception from a()" );
}
}
java.lang.Exception: Exception from a()
at MyException.c(MyException.java: 22 )
at MyException.main(MyException.java: 10 )
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四 异常链 Exception chaining
先来看一个场景:
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public class TestException {
public static void main(String[] args){
TestException testException = new TestException();
try {
testException.c();
} catch (CException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
public void a() throws AException{
AException aException = new AException( "this is a exception" );
throw aException;
}
public void b() throws BException{
try {
a();
} catch (AException e) {
throw new BException( "this is b exception" );
}
}
public void c() throws CException{
try {
b();
} catch (BException e) {
throw new CException( "this is c exception" );
}
}
}
class AException extends Exception{
public AException(String msg){
super (msg);
}
}
class BException extends Exception{
public BException(String msg){
super (msg);
}
}
class CException extends Exception{
public CException(String msg){
super (msg);
}
}
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创建了三个异常类AException、BException、CException,然后在a()中抛出AException,在b()中捕获AException并抛出BException,最后在c()中捕获BException并抛出CException,结果打印如下:
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CException: this is c exception
at TestException.c(TestException.java: 31 )
at TestException.main(TestException.java: 8 )
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好,我们只看到了CException的信息,AException,BException的异常信息已丢失,这时候异常链的作用就出来了,看代码:
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public class TestException {
public static void main(String[] args){
TestException testException = new TestException();
try {
testException.c();
} catch (CException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
public void a() throws AException{
AException aException = new AException( "this is a exception" );
throw aException;
}
public void b() throws BException{
try {
a();
} catch (AException e) {
// throw new BException("this is b exception");
BException bException = new BException( "this is b exception" );
bException.initCause(e);
throw bException;
}
}
public void c() throws CException{
try {
b();
} catch (BException e) {
// throw new CException("this is c exception");
CException cException = new CException( "this is c exception" );
cException.initCause(e);
throw cException;
}
}
}
class AException extends Exception{
public AException(String msg){
super (msg);
}
}
class BException extends Exception{
public BException(String msg){
super (msg);
}
}
class CException extends Exception{
public CException(String msg){
super (msg);
}
}
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我们用initCause()方法将异常信息给串联了起来,结果如下:
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CException: this is c exception
at TestException.c(TestException.java: 35 )
at TestException.main(TestException.java: 8 )
at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke0(Native Method)
at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(NativeMethodAccessorImpl.java: 57 )
at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java: 43 )
at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java: 606 )
at com.intellij.rt.execution.application.AppMain.main(AppMain.java: 144 )
Caused by: BException: this is b exception
at TestException.b(TestException.java: 24 )
at TestException.c(TestException.java: 32 )
... 6 more
Caused by: AException: this is a exception
at TestException.a(TestException.java: 15 )
at TestException.b(TestException.java: 21 )
... 7 more
Process finished with exit code 0
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五 后记
其实关于java异常处理还有很多需要探讨的地方,但是由于我经验有限,还不能体会的太深刻,最常用的也就是
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try {
...
} catch (Exception e){
...
} finally {
//不管异常会不会被捕捉或者处理都会执行的代码,如关闭IO操作
}
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但是无论如何我们还是要感谢java给我们提供的异常机制,它好似一个长者,时不时给我们指引道路,也让我们在编码的时候没有那么无聊:)