一、基础内容
0、官方文档说明
(1)org.apache.lucene.index provides two primary classes:
IndexWriter, which creates and adds documents to indices; and
IndexReader, which accesses the data in the index.
(2)涉及的两个主要包有:
org.apache.lucene.index:Code to maintain and access indices.
org.apache.lucene.document:Thelogical representation of a Document for indexing and searching.
1、创建一个索引时,涉及的重要类有以下几个:
(1)IndexWriter:索引过程中的核心组件,用于创建新索引或者打开已有索引,以及向索引中添加、删除、更新被索引文档的信息。
(2)Document:代表一些域(field)的集合。
(3)Field及其子类:一个域,如文档创建时间,作者,内容等。
(4)Analyzer:分析器。
(5)Directory:可用于描述Lucene索引的存放位置。
2、索引文档的基本步骤如下:
(1)创建索引库IndexWriter
(2)根据文件创建文档Document
(3)向索引库中写入文档内容
基本程序如下:
package org.jediael.search.index; import java.io.File;
import java.io.FileReader;
import java.io.IOException; import org.apache.lucene.analysis.standard.StandardAnalyzer;
import org.apache.lucene.document.Document;
import org.apache.lucene.document.Field;
import org.apache.lucene.document.LongField;
import org.apache.lucene.document.StringField;
import org.apache.lucene.document.TextField;
import org.apache.lucene.index.IndexWriter;
import org.apache.lucene.index.IndexWriterConfig;
import org.apache.lucene.store.Directory;
import org.apache.lucene.store.FSDirectory;
import org.apache.lucene.util.Version;
import org.jediael.util.LoadProperties; // 1、创建索引库IndexWriter
// 2、根据文件创建文档Document
// 3、向索引库中写入文档内容 public class IndexFiles { private IndexWriter writer = null; public void indexAllFileinDirectory(String indexPath, String docsPath)
throws IOException {
// 获取放置待索引文件的位置,若传入参数为空,则读取search.properties中设置的默认值。
if (docsPath == null) {
docsPath = LoadProperties.getProperties("docsDir");
}
final File docDir = new File(docsPath);
if (!docDir.exists() || !docDir.canRead()) {
System.out
.println("Document directory '"
+ docDir.getAbsolutePath()
+ "' does not exist or is not readable, please check the path");
System.exit(1);
} // 获取放置索引文件的位置,若传入参数为空,则读取search.properties中设置的默认值。
if (indexPath == null) {
indexPath = LoadProperties.getProperties("indexDir");
}
final File indexDir = new File(indexPath);
if (!indexDir.exists() || !indexDir.canRead()) {
System.out
.println("Document directory '"
+ indexDir.getAbsolutePath()
+ "' does not exist or is not readable, please check the path");
System.exit(1);
} try {
// 1、创建索引库IndexWriter
if(writer == null){
initialIndexWriter(indexDir);
}
index(writer, docDir);
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} finally{
writer.close();
}
} //使用了最简单的单例模式,用于返回一个唯一的IndexWirter,注意此处非线程安全,需要进一步优化。
private void initialIndexWriter(File indexDir) throws IOException { Directory returnIndexDir = FSDirectory.open(indexDir);
IndexWriterConfig iwc = new IndexWriterConfig(Version.LUCENE_48,new StandardAnalyzer(Version.LUCENE_48));
writer = new IndexWriter(returnIndexDir, iwc); } private void index(IndexWriter writer, File filetoIndex) throws IOException { if (filetoIndex.isDirectory()) {
String[] files = filetoIndex.list();
if (files != null) {
for (int i = 0; i < files.length; i++) {
index(writer, new File(filetoIndex, files[i]));
}
}
} else {
// 2、根据文件创建文档Document,考虑一下能否不用每次创建Document对象
Document doc = new Document();
Field pathField = new StringField("path", filetoIndex.getPath(),
Field.Store.YES);
doc.add(pathField);
doc.add(new LongField("modified", filetoIndex.lastModified(),
Field.Store.YES));
doc.add(new StringField("title",filetoIndex.getName(),Field.Store.YES));
doc.add(new TextField("contents", new FileReader(filetoIndex)));
//System.out.println("Indexing " + filetoIndex.getName()); // 3、向索引库中写入文档内容
writer.addDocument(doc);
}
}
}
一些说明:
(1)使用了最简单的单例模式,用于返回一个唯一的IndexWirter,注意此处非线程安全,需要进一步优化。
(2)注意IndexWriter,IndexReader等均需要耗费较大的资源用于创建实例,因此如非必要,使用单例模式创建一个实例后。
3、索引、Document、Filed之间的关系
简而言之,多个Filed组成一个Document,多个Document组成一个索引。
它们之间通过以下方法相互调用:
Document doc = new Document();
Field pathField = new StringField("path", filetoIndex.getPath(),Field.Store.YES);
doc.add(pathField); writer.addDocument(doc);
二、关于Field
(一)创建一个域(field)的基本方法
Field field = new Field("filename", f.getName(), Field.Store.YES, Field.Index.NOT_ANALYZED);
Field field = new Field("contents", new FileReader(f));
Field field = new Field("fullpath", f.getCanonicalPath(), Field.Store.YES, Field.Index.NOT_ANALYZED)
Filed的四个参数分别代表:
<pre name="code" class="java">Field field = new StringField("path", filetoIndex.getPath(),Field.Store.YES);
Field field = new LongField("modified", filetoIndex.lastModified(),Field.Store.NO);
Field field = new TextField("contents", new FileReader(filetoIndex));
在4.x以后,StringField即为NOT_ANALYZED的(即不对域的内容进行分割分析),而textField是ANALYZED的,因此,创建Field对象时,无需再指定此属性。见http://*.com/questions/19042587/how-to-prevent-a-field-from-not-analyzing-in-lucene
for sorting or access through the field cache
Field field = new TextField("contents", new FileReader(filetoIndex));
只对纯文本有效。对于word,excel,pdf等富文本,FileReader读取到的内容只是一些乱码,并不能形成有效的索引。
http://*.com/questions/16640292/lucene-4-2-0-index-pdf
and for your purposes, it will only handle plain text. This works on the Unix philosophy. Lucene indexes content. Tika extracts content from rich documents. I've added links to a couple of examples using Tika, one with Lucene directly, the other using Solr
(which you might want to consider as well).
doc.add(new TextField("contents", TikaBasicUtil.extractContent(filetoIndex),Field.Store.NO));
注意此处不能使用StringField,因为StringField限制了字符串的大小不能超过32766,否则会报异常IllegalArgumentException:Document contains at least one immense term in field="contents" (whose UTF8 encoding is longer than the max length 32766)*/
使用Tika索引富文本的简单示例如下:
package org.jediael.util; import java.io.File;
import java.io.FileInputStream;
import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStream; import org.apache.tika.exception.TikaException;
import org.apache.tika.metadata.Metadata;
import org.apache.tika.parser.AutoDetectParser;
import org.apache.tika.parser.ParseContext;
import org.apache.tika.parser.Parser;
import org.apache.tika.sax.BodyContentHandler;
import org.xml.sax.ContentHandler;
import org.xml.sax.SAXException; public class TikaBasicUtil { public static String extractContent(File f) {
//1、创建一个parser
Parser parser = new AutoDetectParser();
InputStream is = null;
try {
Metadata metadata = new Metadata();
metadata.set(Metadata.RESOURCE_NAME_KEY, f.getName());
is = new FileInputStream(f);
ContentHandler handler = new BodyContentHandler();
ParseContext context = new ParseContext();
context.set(Parser.class,parser); //2、执行parser的parse()方法。
parser.parse(is,handler, metadata,context); String returnString = handler.toString(); System.out.println(returnString.length());
return returnString;
} catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (SAXException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (TikaException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}finally {
try {
if(is!=null) is.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
return "No Contents";
}
}
Directory returnIndexDir = FSDirectory.open(indexDir);
IndexWriterConfig iwc = new IndexWriterConfig(Version.LUCENE_48,new StandardAnalyzer(Version.LUCENE_48));
iwc.setOpenMode(IndexWriterConfig.OpenMode.CREATE);
writer = new IndexWriter(returnIndexDir, iwc);
System.out.println(writer.getConfig().getOpenMode()+"");
System.out.println(iwc.getOpenMode());
创建一个IndexWriter时,需要2个参数,一个是Directory对象,用于指定所创建的索引写到哪个地方;另一个是IndexWriterConfig对象,用于指定writer的配置。
- java.lang.Object
- org.apache.lucene.index.LiveIndexWriterConfig
- org.apache.lucene.index.IndexWriterConfig
- All Implemented Interfaces:
- Cloneable
- (2)Holds all the configuration that is used to create an
IndexWriter
.
OnceIndexWriter
has
been created with this object, changes to this object will not affect theIndexWriter
instance. - (3)IndexWriterConfig.OpenMode:指明了打开索引目录的方式,有以下三种:
- APPEND:Opens an existing index. 若原来存在索引,则将本次索引的内容追加进来。不管文档是否与原来是否重复,因此若2次索引的文档相同,则返回结果数则为原来的2倍。
- CREATE:Creates a new index or overwrites an existing one. 若原来存在索引,则先将其删除,再创建新的索引
- CREATE_OR_APPEND【默认值】:Creates a new index if one does not exist, otherwise it opens the index and documents will be appended.
writer.addDocument(doc);
writer.forceMerge(2);
索引的优化是将索引结果文件归为一个或者有限的多个,它加大的索引过程中的消耗,减少了搜索时的消耗。
IndexWriterConfig iwc = new IndexWriterConfig(Version.LUCENE_48,new StandardAnalyzer(Version.LUCENE_48));
writer = new IndexWriter(IndexDir, iwc);
writer.addDocument(doc, new SimpleAnalyzer(Version.LUCENE_48));