文章目录
- nlohmann库
- 声明与构造
- object生成
- array生成
- 解析与序列化
- 获取与修改
- value
- 是否存在contains
- 查找find
- 删除
- flatten
- items
- 类型判断
- 结构体json
- 示例
nlohmann/json 是一个用于解析json的开源c++库,使用方便直观。
nlohmann库
nlohmann库(/nlohmann/json)提供了丰富而且符合直觉的接口(/api/basic_json/),只需导入头文件即可使用,方便整合到项目中。
声明与构造
可声明普通json、数组或对象:
json j1;
json j2 = json::object();
json j3 = json::array();
也可直接构造(通过_json
字面量,可以JSON格式直接构造出):
json j = R"(
{
"name": "Mike",
"age": 15,
"score": 85.5
}
)"_json;
json j{
{ "name", "Mike"},
{ "age", 15 },
{ "score", 85.5}
};
object生成
object可通过key-value方式赋值,或通过push_back添加:
// example for an object
json j_object = {{"one", 1},
{"two", 2}};
j_object["three"] = 3;
j_object.push_back({"four",4});
std::cout<<j_object<<std::endl;
for (auto &x : j_object.items()) {
std::cout << "key: " << () << ", value: " << () << '\n';
}
// {"four":4,"one":1,"three":3,"two":2}
array生成
数组可通过json::array()或声明初始化构造;
json j_array = {1, 2, 4};
j_array.push_back(8);
j_array.emplace_back(16);
std::cout<<j_array<<std::endl;
// key为索引,从0开始
for (auto &x : j_array.items()) {
std::cout << "key: " << () << ", value: " << () << '\n';
}
// [1,2,4,8,16]
json j_aryObj = json::array();
j_aryObj.push_back({{"one", 1}});
j_aryObj.push_back({{"two", 2}});
std::cout<<j_aryObj<<std::endl;
for (auto &x : j_aryObj) {
std::cout << x << '\n';
}
// [{"one":1},{"two":2}]
解析与序列化
从字符串中解析:
auto j = json::parse(str);
// ...
// 序列化为字符串
std::string out = ();
从文件中解析:
json j;
std::ifstream("c:\\") >> j;
// ...
// 序列化到文件
std::ofstream("c:\\") << j;
获取与修改
可通过at或者operator[]
的方式获取元素的引用;然后通过get<T>()
来获取其值,直接赋值可修改其内容:
- at返回对象的引用,当不存在时会抛出异常(out_of_range或parse_error):
- at(key):根据下标获取数组元素;
- at(index):根据键获取对象元素;
- at(jsonPtr):根据路径获取对象元素;
-
operator[]
与at类似,不存在时可能会自动添加null元素,而非抛出异常
void jsonAt() {
json j = {
{"number", 1},
{"string", "foo"},
{"array", {1, 2}}
};
std::cout << j << '\n';
std::cout << ("/number"_json_pointer) << '\n';
std::cout << ("/string"_json_pointer) << '\n';
std::cout << ("/array"_json_pointer) << '\n';
std::cout << ("/array/1"_json_pointer) << '\n';
auto ary = ("array");
std::cout<<(1)<<'\n';
auto n = ("number").get<int>();
auto str = ("string").get<std::string>();
std::cout<<n<<", "<<str<<'\n';
// change the string
("/string"_json_pointer) = "bar";
// change an array element
("/array/1"_json_pointer) = 21;
// output the changed array
std::cout << j["array"] << '\n';
// out_of_range.106
try {
// try to use an array index with leading '0'
json::reference ref = ("/array/01"_json_pointer);
}
catch (json::parse_error &e) {
std::cout << () << '\n';
}
// out_of_range.109
try {
// try to use an array index that is not a number
json::reference ref = ("/array/one"_json_pointer);
}
catch (json::parse_error &e) {
std::cout << () << '\n';
}
// out_of_range.401
try {
// try to use an invalid array index
json::reference ref = ("/array/4"_json_pointer);
}
catch (json::out_of_range &e) {
std::cout << () << '\n';
}
// out_of_range.403
try {
// try to use a JSON pointer to a nonexistent object key
json::const_reference ref = ("/foo"_json_pointer);
}
catch (json::out_of_range &e) {
std::cout << () << '\n';
}
}
// {"array":[1,2],"number":1,"string":"foo"}
// 1
// "foo"
// [1,2]
// 2
// 2
// 1, foo
// [1,21]
// [.parse_error.106] parse error: array index '01' must not begin with '0'
// [.parse_error.109] parse error: array index 'one' is not a number
// [.out_of_range.401] array index 4 is out of range
// [.out_of_range.403] key 'foo' not found
value
可通过value(key, defVal)
来获取元素,当不存在时返回默认值;但不能类型冲突(即,defValue的类型与key对应元素的类型不匹配时,会抛出type_error异常):
void jsonValue() {
json j = {
{"integer", 1},
{"floating", 42.23},
{"string", "hello world"},
{"boolean", true},
{"object", {{"key1", 1}, {"key2", 2}}},
{"array", {1, 2, 3}}
};
// access existing values
int v_integer = ("integer", 0);
double v_floating = ("floating", 0.0);
// access nonexisting values and rely on default value
std::string v_string = ("nonexisting", "[none]");
bool v_boolean = ("nonexisting", false);
// output values
std::cout << std::boolalpha << v_integer << " " << v_floating
<< " " << v_string << " " << v_boolean << "\n";
}
// 1 42.23 [none] false
是否存在contains
通过contains可判断元素是否存在:
- contains(key):根据键判断;
- contains(jsonPtr):根据路径判断(对于数组,若索引不是数字会抛出异常);
查找find
查找指定的键(返回iterator):iterator find(key)
,通过*it
获取其值;
void jsonFind() {
// create a JSON object
json j_object = {{"one", 1},
{"two", 2}};
// call find
auto it_two = j_object.find("two");
auto it_three = j_object.find("three");
// print values
std::cout << std::boolalpha;
std::cout << "\"two\" was found: " << (it_two != j_object.end()) << '\n';
std::cout << "value at key \"two\": " << *it_two << '\n';
std::cout << "\"three\" was found: " << (it_three != j_object.end()) << '\n';
}
删除
通过erase可方便地删除:
// {"rate":5000,"maxRate":8000,"name":"jon","more":{"count":5,"name":"mike"}}
string strJson = "{\"rate\":5000,\"maxRate\":8000,\"name\":\"jon\",\"more\":{\"count\":5,\"name\":\"mike\"}}";
auto jSet = nlohmann::json::parse(strJson);
auto ret = ("rate");
ret = ("name"); // ret=1
ret = ("/more/count"); // 失败,ret=0
auto result = (2);
std::cout << "result: " << result << std::endl;
// {"maxRate":8000,"more":{"count":5,"name":"mike"}}
flatten
basic_json flatten()
可扁平化所有键(全部展开成一层key-value,key为对应的路径),通过unflatten可反扁平化:
void jsonFlatten() {
// create JSON value
json j = {{"pi", 3.14},
{"happy", true},
{"name", "Niels"},
{"nothing", nullptr},
{"list", {1, 2, 3}},
{"object", {{"currency", "USD"}, {"value", 42.99}}}
};
// call flatten()
std::cout << (2) <<'\n';
std::cout << std::setw(4) << () << '\n';
}
// {
// "happy": true,
// "list": [
// 1,
// 2,
// 3
// ],
// "name": "Niels",
// "nothing": null,
// "object": {
// "currency": "USD",
// "value": 42.99
// },
// "pi": 3.14
// }
// {
// "/happy": true,
// "/list/0": 1,
// "/list/1": 2,
// "/list/2": 3,
// "/name": "Niels",
// "/nothing": null,
// "/object/currency": "USD",
// "/object/value": 42.99,
// "/pi": 3.14
// }
items
通过items可循环获取所有元素:
void jsonItems(){
// create JSON values
json j_object = {{"one", 1}, {"two", 2}};
json j_array = {1, 2, 4, 8, 16};
// example for an object
for (auto& x : j_object.items())
{
std::cout << "key: " << () << ", value: " << () << '\n';
}
// example for an array
for (auto& x : j_array.items())
{
std::cout << "key: " << () << ", value: " << () << '\n';
}
}
类型判断
通过is_*
判断元素所属类型:
- is_array:是数组
- is_object:是对象
- is_null:为空
- is_number:是数字(可继续细化
is_number_float/is_number_integer/is_number_unsigned
) - is_boolean:是布尔类型
- is_string:是字符串
- is_prmitive:是简单类型(非数组与对象);
- is_strucctured:数组或对象;
结构体json
通过在结构体所在的命名空间中创建void from_json(const json& j, MyStruct& p)
可方便地从json中反序列化出结构体;而通过void to_json(json &j, const MyStruct& p)
可方便地把结构体序列化为json;
通过get_to
可把元素值赋值给类型兼容的变量:
namespace nj {
struct Asset {
std::string name;
int value;
};
void to_json(json &j, const Asset &a) {
j = json{{"name", },
{"value", }};
}
void from_json(const json &j, Asset &a) {
("name").get_to();
("value").get_to();
}
}
示例
json构造与操作的示例:
void jsonBuild() {
// {
// "pi": 3.141,
// "happy": true,
// "name": "Niels",
// "nothing": null,
// "answer": {
// "everything": 42
// },
// "list": [1, 0, 2],
// "object": {
// "currency": "USD",
// "value": 42.99
// }
//}
json jData;
jData["pi"] = 3.141;
jData["happy"] = true;
jData["name"] = "Niels";
jData["nothing"] = nullptr;
jData["answer"]["everything"] = 42; // 初始化answer对象
jData["list"] = {1, 0, 2}; // 使用列表初始化的方法对"list"数组初始化
jData["money"] = {{"currency", "USD"},
{"value", 42.99}}; // 初始化object对象
std::cout << std::boolalpha;
std::cout << jData << std::endl;
std::cout << ("pi") << std::endl;
std::cout << jData["pi"].get<float>() << std::endl;
std::cout << jData["none"].is_null() << std::endl;
// std::cout << ("notAt") << std::endl; // throw exception
std::cout << (("notFound") != ()) << std::endl;
std::cout << ("notContain") << std::endl;
std::cout << ("notExist", 0) << std::endl;
std::cout << "sub-object" << std::endl;
std::cout << ("money") << std::endl;
std::cout << ("currency") << std::endl;
auto str = (2);
std::cout << "JSON OUT: \n";
std::cout << str << std::endl;
// std::cout <<("name", 0)<<std::endl; // throw exception
}
// {"answer":{"everything":42},"happy":true,"list":[1,0,2],"money":{"currency":"USD","value":42.99},"name":"Niels","nothing":null,"pi":3.141}
// 3.141
// 3.141
// true
// false
// false
// 0
// sub-object
// {"currency":"USD","value":42.99}
// false
//
// JSON OUT:
// {
// "answer": {
// "everything": 42
// },
// "happy": true,
// "list": [
// 1,
// 0,
// 2
// ],
// "money": {
// "currency": "USD",
// "value": 42.99
// },
// "name": "Niels",
// "none": null,
// "nothing": null,
// "pi": 3.141
// }
以上示例可看出:
- 通过
operator[]
获取不存在的key时,会添加一个值为null的键值对; - 通过at获取不存在的key时,会抛出异常;
- 通过contains与find可判断元素是否存在;
- 通过value获取存在,但类型与默认值不一致的元素时,会抛出异常;