MySQL - 数据库设计(表之间的 3 种关联关系)

时间:2024-11-17 08:07:01

表与表之间一般存在三种关系,即一对一,一对多,多对多关系。 

下面分别就三种关系讲解数据库相关设计的思路和思考过程。

 

一、一对一关系 

例如,下面的一张表,保存了人的相关信息,有男有女,要求查处所有的夫妻。 

sql代码:

CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS person(
    id INT PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,
    sname VARCHAR(10),
    sex CHAR(1),
    husband INT,
    wife INT 
);


INSERT INTO person VALUES(1,'小花','0',3,0);
INSERT INTO person VALUES(2,'小明','1',0,4);
INSERT INTO person VALUES(3,'张三','1',0,1);
INSERT INTO person VALUES(4,'小丽','0',2,0);
INSERT INTO person VALUES(5,'王五','1',0,0);

sql代码对应的person表: 


 
从表中可以看出,小花和张三是夫妻,小明和小丽是夫妻。通常为了查询方便,需要两个表,但实际项目中为了省空间,通常只建一个表,要实现一对一查询,可以建立两个视图(虚表)
* 有个小细节提一下,视图只是个逻辑概念,并不独立占用物理内存,它依附于数据表,对视图进行修改时相应的表数据也会盖改动 *

CREATE VIEW men AS (SELECT * FROM person WHERE sex='1');
CREATE VIEW women AS (SELECT * FROM person WHERE sex='0');

men视图:

women视图:


执行查询:
方式一(原始方法)

SELECT  AS husband, AS wife FROM men,women WHERE  =  AND  = ;

方式二(连接方法)

SELECT  AS husband, AS wife FROM men INNER JOIN women ON  =  AND  = ;

 

二、一对多关系 

例如:一个人可以拥有多辆汽车,要求查询某个人拥有的所有车辆。 

分析:这种情况其实也可以采用 一张表,但因为一个人可以拥有多辆汽车,如果采用一张表,会造成冗余信息过多。好的设计方式是,人和车辆分别单独建表,那么如何将两个表关联呢?有个巧妙的方法,在车辆的表中加个外键字段(人的编号)即可。 
* (思路小结:’建两个表,一’方不动,’多’方添加一个外键字段) *

sql代码:

// 建立人员表
CREATE TABLE human(
    id VARCHAR(12) PRIMARY KEY,
    sname VARCHAR(12),
    age INT,
    sex CHAR(1)
);
INSERT INTO human VALUES('H001','小王',27,'1');
INSERT INTO human VALUES('H002','小明',24,'1');
INSERT INTO human VALUES('H003','张慧',28,'0');
INSERT INTO human VALUES('H004','李小燕',35,'0');
INSERT INTO human VALUES('H005','王大拿',29,'1');
INSERT INTO human VALUES('H006','周强',36,'1');

// 建立车辆信息表
CREATE TABLE car(
    id VARCHAR(12) PRIMARY KEY,
    mark VARCHAR(24),
    price NUMERIC(6,2),
    hid VARCHAR(12),
    CONSTRAINT fk_human FOREIGN KEY(hid) REFERENCES human(id)
);
INSERT INTO car VALUES('C001','BMW',65.99,'H001');
INSERT INTO car VALUES('C002','BenZ',75.99,'H002');
INSERT INTO car VALUES('C003','Skoda',23.99,'H001');
INSERT INTO car VALUES('C004','Peugeot',20.99,'H003');
INSERT INTO car VALUES('C005','Porsche',295.99,'H004');
INSERT INTO car VALUES('C006','Honda',24.99,'H005');
INSERT INTO car VALUES('C007','Toyota',27.99,'H006');
INSERT INTO car VALUES('C008','Kia',18.99,'H002');
INSERT INTO car VALUES('C009','Bentley',309.99,'H005');

sql代码对应的人员表:


 
sql代码对应的车辆信息表:

执行查询

SELECT  AS 车主, AS 车辆 FROM human,car WHERE  = ;
SELECT  AS 车主, AS 车辆 FROM human INNER JOIN car WHERE  = ;

 

三、多对多关系

例如:学生选课,一个学生可以选修多门课程,每门课程可供多个学生选择。 
分析:这种方式可以按照类似一对多方式建表,但冗余信息太多,好的方式是实体和关系分离并单独建表,实体表为学生表和课程表,关系表为选修表,其中关系表采用联合主键的方式(由学生表主键和课程表主键组成)建表。

sql代码:

// 建立学生表
CREATE TABLE student(
    id VARCHAR(10) PRIMARY KEY,
    sname VARCHAR(12),
    age INT,
    sex CHAR(1),
    class VARCHAR(6)
);
INSERT INTO student VALUES('S0001','王军',20,1,'c101');
INSERT INTO student VALUES('S0002','张宇',21,1,'c101');
INSERT INTO student VALUES('S0003','刘飞',22,1,'c102');
INSERT INTO student VALUES('S0004','赵燕',18,0,'c103');
INSERT INTO student VALUES('S0005','曾婷',19,0,'c103');
INSERT INTO student VALUES('S0006','周慧',21,0,'c104');
INSERT INTO student VALUES('S0007','小红',23,0,'c104');
INSERT INTO student VALUES('S0008','杨晓',18,0,'c104');
INSERT INTO student VALUES('S0009','李杰',20,1,'c105');
INSERT INTO student VALUES('S0010','张良',22,1,'c105');

// 建立课程表
CREATE TABLE course(
    id VARCHAR(10) PRIMARY KEY,
    sname VARCHAR(12),
    credit NUMERIC(2,1),
    teacher VARCHAR(12)
);
INSERT INTO course VALUES('C001','Java',3.5,'李老师');
INSERT INTO course VALUES('C002','高等数学',5.0,'赵老师');
INSERT INTO course VALUES('C003','JavaScript',3.5,'王老师');
INSERT INTO course VALUES('C004','离散数学',3.5,'卜老师');
INSERT INTO course VALUES('C005','数据库',3.5,'廖老师');
INSERT INTO course VALUES('C006','操作系统',3.5,'张老师');

// 建立选修表
CREATE TABLE sc(
    sid VARCHAR(10),
    cid VARCHAR(10)
);

ALTER TABLE sc ADD CONSTRAINT pk_sc PRIMARY KEY(sid,cid);
ALTER TABLE sc ADD CONSTRAINT fk_student FOREIGN KEY(sid) REFERENCES student(id);
ALTER TABLE sc ADD CONSTRAINT fk_course FOREIGN KEY(cid) REFERENCES course(id);

INSERT INTO sc VALUES('S0001','C001');
INSERT INTO sc VALUES('S0001','C002');
INSERT INTO sc VALUES('S0001','C003');
INSERT INTO sc VALUES('S0002','C001');
INSERT INTO sc VALUES('S0002','C004');
INSERT INTO sc VALUES('S0003','C002');
INSERT INTO sc VALUES('S0003','C005');
INSERT INTO sc VALUES('S0004','C003');
INSERT INTO sc VALUES('S0005','C001');
INSERT INTO sc VALUES('S0006','C004');
INSERT INTO sc VALUES('S0007','C002');
INSERT INTO sc VALUES('S0008','C003');
INSERT INTO sc VALUES('S0009','C001');
INSERT INTO sc VALUES('S0009','C005');

sql代码对应的学生表:


 
sql代码对应的课程表:


 
sql代码对应的选课表:


 
执行查询:(没有选课的学生信息和无学生选的课程信息) 

普通方式:

SELECT * FROM student WHERE  NOT IN (SELECT sid FROM sc);
SELECT * FROM course WHERE  NOT IN (SELECT cid FROM sc);

关联方式:

SELECT student.* FROM student LEFT JOIN sc ON = LEFT JOIN course ON  =  WHERE  IS NULL;
SELECT course.* FROM course LEFT JOIN sc ON = LEFT JOIN student ON  =  WHERE  IS NULL;

 

转自:/lengjinghk/article/details/52140276