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Python学习day12-函数基础(2)
可变长参数
上节博客中我们讲到函数的参数,主要就是形参和实参,而可变长参数就是指在调用函数时,传入的参数个数可以不固定。
可变长参数的表示方式通常是* 和**,对于形参和实参都有不同的用法,下面我们一一介绍。
-
形参之*
形参中的*会把移除的位置实参全部接受下来,也就是说,除了前面的位置实参按顺序接受以外,后面不管有多少个参数传进来,都会被形参中的*接收下来,然后存储成元组的形式,赋值给*后面的参数,而形参里*后面的参数我们通常定义为
args
。例如:xxxxxxxxxx
71def sum(x,y,*args):
2sum = x+y
3for i in args:
4sum+=i
5return sum
6res = sum(2,3,4,7,5,8,9)
7print(res)# 结果为38
上例中我们可以看出,
x = 2,y = 3,args = (4,7,5,8,9)
所以总得和加起来是38。
-
形参之**
同理的,**的意思也会将溢出的所有的关键字接受,但是最终存储的是字典的形式,而不是像*是元组的形式,**后面的参数默认定义为
kwargs
,但是这不是固定的,只是习惯性这样定义。xxxxxxxxxx
71def func(x,y,**kwargw):
2print(x)
3print(y)
4print(kwargs)
5
6res = func(x =2,y=5,a=45,b=3,c=4)
7print(res)
有一点需要注意,就是在给形参赋值,也就是写实参的时候,必须以
key:value
的形式传参如果后面a=45,b=3,c=4
直接写成45,3,4会报错,xxxxxxxxxx
11#SyntaxError: positional argument follows keyword argument
这个报错的中文意思是位置参数需要跟随关键字参数,前面我们知道,如果位置参数和关键字参数混用的话,位置参数一定要在关键字参数的前面,所以如果给字典赋值的话,后面的一定要是关键字函数,而不能是位置参数。
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实参之*
如果在实参赋值的时候加*,是什么意思呢,*会将其后面的值循环取出,然后定义成位置实参,实际意义并不大。
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41func(1,*(2,3,4,5),8)
2#上面的式子实际意义就是
3func(1,2,3,4,5,8)
4#是完全一样的
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实参之**
类似于形参的**形参是将关键字存入字典,实参则是将**后面参数的值循环取出来,每一个定义成关键字实参。例如:
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51def func(x,y,z,**kwargs):O
2print(x,y,z,kwargs)
3
4func(1,3,4,**{'a':4,'b':6})
5#输出结果为:1 3 4 {'a':1,'b':2}
函数对象
函数是第一类的对象,也就是说函数本身是可以当做数据来进行处理的。
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def func():
pass
print(func)
猜一下上面的打印结果是什么?func
后面少了个括号?不不,就是这么输出的.
输出结果是<function func at 0x0000011AC9490268>
大致可以理解为func
这个函数所在的内存地址。
虽然这并没有什么用,但是可以证明函数本身是一个数据,即便什么的都不调用,也是个数据,是可以直接处理的。
函数对象大致有四大功能,总结如下:
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引用
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21f = func
2print(f)
即函数可以直接赋值给另外一个变量,作为引用使用。
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当做参数传给一个函数
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91len(x)
2def func():
3print(from func)
4
5def foo(m):
6m()
78foo(func)
9#输出结果为from func
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可以当做函数的返回值
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101def foo(x):
2return x
3
4res = foo(func)# foo(x) = x,foo(func)=func)
5print(res)# res = func
6res()# res() = func()
7# 输出结果为
8
9#<function func at 0x0000026D48C70268>
10#from func
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可以当做容器类型的元素
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71def func():
2print(from func)
3
4function_list = [func]
5function_list[0]()#function_list[0] = func也就相当于func()
6#输出结果为
7#from func
函数的嵌套
函数嵌套的意义在于函数内部定义的函数,没办法在函数外部使用。
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def f1():
print('from f1')
def f2():
print('from f2')
f2()
# 会报错,NameError: name 'f2' is not defined因为f2是函数内部定义的函数,无法在外面直接调用。
名称空间和作用域
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名称空间:其实就是存储变量名与变量间的绑定关系的空间。
名称空间分为以下三类:
1. 内置名称空间
内置名称空间即是Python解释器启动的时候就开辟出来的一块内存空间,用来存储Python解释器自带的一些函数名,比如int,float,len
,其生命周期就是在Python解释器启动的时候生成,在解释器关闭的时候失效。
2. 全局名称空间
其实除了内置名称空间和局部名称空间里的名字之外,其余的都存放在全局名称空间内。其生命周期在文件执行时生效,在文件执行结束后失效。
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x = 1
def func():
x = 3
lt = [3,4,5]
if x > y:
z = 4
上述例子中,x = 1,func,lt
都是全局变量。
3. 局部名称空间
局部名称空间是用于存放函数调用期间函数体产生的名字。其生命周期是在文件执行时函数调用期间生效,函数执行完毕即失效。
比如:
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def f1():
y = 1
def f2():
x = 3
f2()
f1()
上述例子中,y = 1,x = 3
都是局部变量。
名称空间的加载顺序和查找顺序:
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加载顺序,就是名称空间生成的顺序,所以Python解释器启动的时候最先生成的就是内置名称空间,然后文件打开,会产生全局名称空间,最后调用函数时,才会产生局部名称空间所以名称空间的加载顺序就是:
内置名称空间—>全局名称空间—>局部名称空间
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查找顺序就是一段写好的代码在执行的时候寻找变量所用的顺序,所以一定是先从当前位置开始查找,然后按照以下顺序进行查找
局部名称空间—>全局名称空间—>内置名称空间
需要注意的是,这个顺序是不可逆的,也就是说如果当前位置就是全局名称空间,那么他不会再去局部名称空间里寻找变量,而是直接从全局名称空间找到内置名称空间,如此操作。
作用域
顾名思义 ,就是作用的区域,分为全局作用域和局部作用域。
1. 全局作用域
全局作用域就是全局存在,包含内置名称空间和全局名称空间。
比如:
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# 全局作用域
x = 1
def func():
print(x)
func()
以上实例的执行结果就是1,因为func
函数内部找不到x定义之后,就会去全局作用域寻找,找到后输出。
2. 局部作用域
局部作用域是只包含局部名称空间。临时存储,只在函数内部局部有效。
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def f1():
x = 1
def f2():
y = 2
def f3():
z = 3
f3()
f2()
f1()
需要注意的是,函数的作用域关系在函数定义的时候就已经确定了,不会因为后来函数的调用而发生变化。