Python爬虫（二）正则表达式

一、介绍

1.概念

正则表达式是对字符串操作的一种逻辑公式，就是用事先定义好的一些特定字符、及这些特定字符的组合，组成一个“规则字符串”，这个“规则字符串”用来表达对字符串的一种过滤逻辑。

简单的说，通过正则表达式，我们可以从一堆杂乱无章的字符串中，得到符合某种特定规则的字符串，比如说，我们从某个网站上爬取到了很多数据，而我们只想要其中的图片，这时正则表达式就可以帮助我们从这些数据中找到图片。

2.使用正则表达式进行匹配的流程：
Python爬虫（二）正则表达式

3.正则表达式语法规则：
Python爬虫（二）正则表达式

二、python中的re模块

1.re 模块
使 Python 语言拥有全部的正则表达式功能，使用re的一般步骤是先将正则表达式的字符串形式编译为Pattern实例，然后使用Pattern实例处理文本并获得Match实例的匹配结果，最后使用Match实例获得信息，进行其他的操作。

# coding=utf-8
# Created by dockerchen

import re
# 将正则表达式编译成Pattern对象
pattern=re.compile(r'hello')
# 使用Pattern匹配文本，获得匹配结果，无法匹配时将返回None
match=pattern.match('hello python')

# 使用Match获得分组信息
if match:
    print(match.group())


### 输出结果 ###
# hello

2.re模块中几个主要的函数
(1)re.compile函数
re.compile根据一个模式字符串和可选的标志参数生成一个正则表达式对象。该对象拥有一系列方法用于正则表达式匹配和替换
函数语法：

re.compile(strPattern[, flag])

(2)re.match函数
re.match 尝试从字符串的起始位置匹配一个模式，如果不是起始位置匹配成功的话，match()就返回none。

re.match(pattern, string, flags=0)

pattern，要匹配的正则表达式
string，要匹配的字符串
flags，标志位，用于控制正则表达式的匹配方式

(3)re.search函数
re.search 扫描整个字符串并返回第一个成功的匹配。

re.search(pattern, string, flags=0)

pattern，要匹配的正则表达式
string，要匹配的字符串
flags，标志位，用于控制正则表达式的匹配方式

注：re.match只匹配字符串的开始，如果字符串开始不符合正则表达式，则匹配失败，函数返回None；而re.search匹配整个字符串，直到找到一个匹配。

例子：

# coding=utf-8
# Created by dockerchen

import re

pattern=re.compile(r'hello')

match=pattern.match('pythonhello')

match1=pattern.search('pythonhello')


if match:
    print('match:'+match.group())
if match1:
    print('match1:'+match1.group())

### 输出结果 ###
match1:hello

(4)re.sub函数
re.sub用于替换字符串中的匹配项

re.sub(pattern, repl, string, count=0, flags=0)

pattern : 正则中的模式字符串。
repl : 替换的字符串，也可为一个函数。
string : 要被查找替换的原始字符串。
count : 模式匹配后替换的最大次数，默认 0 表示替换所有的匹配。

正则表达式修饰符 - 可选标志
正则表达式可以包含一些可选标志修饰符来控制匹配的模式。

修饰符	描述
re.I	使匹配对大小写不敏感
re.L	做本地化识别（locale-aware）匹配
re.M	多行匹配，影响 ^ 和 $
re.S	使 . 匹配包括换行在内的所有字符
re.U	根据Unicode字符集解析字符。这个标志影响 \w, \W, \b, \B.
re.X	该标志通过给予你更灵活的格式以便你将正则表达式写得更易于理解。

三、实例

经过上面的讲解，大家应该对python正则表达式有了一个大致的了解，那么接下来我就以上一次爬取的百度页面为例，使用正则表达式来挑选出每个搜索结果对应的链接。

通过观察网页的源代码，我们可以发现网页链接都是在<a href="************"这个标签里的，所以只要构造出能够匹配这个字符串的正则表达式就行了。

程序代码：

# coding=utf-8
# Created by dockerchen

import urllib.request
import re

data = {}
data['wd'] = '网络安全'

url_values = urllib.parse.urlencode(data)

url = 'http://www.baidu.com/s?'

full_url = url + url_values

data = urllib.request.urlopen(full_url).read()
data = data.decode('utf-8')

# '.*?'是非贪婪的匹配模式，意思是匹配前面的字符0次或多次（匹配尽可能少的字符）,标志位re.S是使.匹配包括换行在内的所有字符
pattern=re.compile(r'<a href="(http://.*?)"',re.S)

# findall(string[, pos[, endpos]]) | re.findall(pattern, string[, flags]): 搜索string，以列表形式返回全部能匹配的子串。
items=re.findall(pattern,data)

for item in items:
    print(item)

###输出结果###
http://news.baidu.com
http://www.hao123.com
http://map.baidu.com
http://v.baidu.com
http://tieba.baidu.com
http://xueshu.baidu.com
http://www.baidu.com/gaoji/preferences.html
http://www.baidu.com/more/
http://news.baidu.com/ns?cl=2&rn=20&tn=news&word=%CD%F8%C2%E7%B0%B2%C8%AB
http://tieba.baidu.com/f?kw=%CD%F8%C2%E7%B0%B2%C8%AB&fr=wwwt
http://zhidao.baidu.com/q?ct=17&pn=0&tn=ikaslist&rn=10&word=%CD%F8%C2%E7%B0%B2%C8%AB&fr=wwwt
http://music.baidu.com/search?fr=ps&ie=utf-8&key=%CD%F8%C2%E7%B0%B2%C8%AB
http://image.baidu.com/search/index?tn=baiduimage&ps=1&ct=201326592&lm=-1&cl=2&nc=1&ie=utf-8&word=%CD%F8%C2%E7%B0%B2%C8%AB
http://v.baidu.com/v?ct=301989888&rn=20&pn=0&db=0&s=25&ie=utf-8&word=%CD%F8%C2%E7%B0%B2%C8%AB
http://map.baidu.com/m?word=%CD%F8%C2%E7%B0%B2%C8%AB&fr=ps01000
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PS:正则表达式部分讲解的不是太详细，很多知识点都没有顾及到，下面给出几个参考链接（如果英语好的话，最好还是看官方的文档）

Python正则表达式指南
 正则表达式30分钟入门教程

秒客网

Python爬虫（二）正则表达式

一、介绍

二、python中的re模块

三、实例

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