编写Django项目并使用uwsgi和nginx部署在Linux平台

内容转载自：我自己的博客地址
这是花费了一个月的时间摸索整理出来的一份总结。分享出来一方面是给新人一个借鉴，另一方面对自己也算是个备份。
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***

整个Django项目：

├── examples.desktop  
├── microblog  
│   ├── blog  
│   │   ├── admin.py  
│   │   ├── __init__.py  
│   │   ├── migrations  
│   │   │   └── __init__.py  
│   │   ├── models.py  
│   │   ├── __pycache__  
│   │   │   ├── __init__.cpython-35.pyc  
│   │   │   └── views.cpython-35.pyc  
│   │   ├── static  
│   │   │   └── zfbcdn.js  
│   │   ├── templates  
│   │   │   └── index.html  
│   │   ├── tests.py  
│   │   └── views.py  
│   ├── db.sqlite3  
│   ├── manage.py  
│   └── microblog  
│       ├── __init__.py  
│       ├── __pycache__  
│       │   ├── __init__.cpython-35.pyc  
│       │   ├── settings.cpython-35.pyc  
│       │   ├── urls.cpython-35.pyc  
│       │   └── wsgi.cpython-35.pyc  
│       ├── settings.py  
│       ├── urls.py  
│       └── wsgi.py  
├── PycharmProjects  
│   ├── 1A  
│   │   ├── setup.py  
│   │   └── testA.py  

1. Django项目如何创建呢？

1.1 首先需要在ubuntu上面安装python-pip

    sudo apt-get install python3-pip

1.2 升级pip

    sudo pip3 install –upgrade pip

1.3 安装django

    sudo pip3 install Django==1.8.0

1.4 创建工程项目microblog

    django-admin.py startproject microblog

此时的情况：

    │── microblog      
    │   ├── db.sqlite3      
    │   ├── manage.py      
    │   └── microblog      
    │       ├── __init__.py      
    │       ├── __pycache__      
    │       │      ├── __init__.cpython-35.pyc      
    │       ├── settings.py      
    │       ├── urls.py      
    │       └── wsgi.py      

1.5 创建app项目blog（此命令在manage.py同级的目录处执行）

   python3 manage.py startapp blog  

1.6 首先在settings.py中添加自己的app名称：

    INSTALLED_APPS = (
    'django.contrib.admin',
    'django.contrib.auth',
    'django.contrib.contenttypes',
    'django.contrib.sessions',
    'django.contrib.messages',
    'django.contrib.staticfiles',
    
    'blog',
    )

新建的 app 如果不加到 INSTALL_APPS 中的话, Django 就不能自动找到app中的模板文件(app-name/templates/下的文件)和静态文件(app-name/static/中的文件)

1.7 在views.py中定义视图函数：

# coding:utf-8
# !usr/bin/env python3

from django.http import HttpResponse
from django.shortcuts import render
from django.views.decorators.csrf import csrf_exempt

# Create your views here.

# 定义了一个index()函数，第一个参数必须是 request，与网页发来的请求有关，request 变量里面包含get或post的内容，用户浏览器，系统等信息在里面
# HttpResponse，它是用来向网页返回内容的，就像Python中的 print 一样，只不过 HttpResponse 是把内容显示到网页上


def index(request):
    return render(request, 'index.html', {'title': '我是*修改的标题'})
    # return HttpResponse(u'欢应')


# 由于使用POST要CSTF，因此要加上这个
@csrf_exempt
def user(request):
    if request.method=='POST':
        m_user = request.POST.get('user', 'default')
        m_pwd = request.POST.get('pwd', '111111')
        m_option = request.POST.get('love', 'default')
        return HttpResponse(m_user + m_pwd + m_option)
    else:
        return HttpResponse("这是get请求")

1.8 在urls.py中定义视图函数相关的url：

# coding:utf-8
# !usr/bin/env python3

from django.conf.urls import include, url
from django.contrib import admin

# 自己导入
from blog import views as blog

urlpatterns = [
    # Examples:
    # url(r'^$', 'microblog.views.home', name='home'),
    # url(r'^blog/', include('blog.urls')),


    url(r'^$', blog.index, name='default'),
    url(r'^admin/', include(admin.site.urls)),
    url(r'^index', blog.index, name='index'),
    url(r'^user', blog.user, name='user')
]

（注意需要在settings.py添加模板的路径，顺便添加静态文件位置，以及ALLOWED_HOSTS：

# 需要在DIRS中添加模板文件路径
TEMPLATES = [
    {
        'BACKEND': 'django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates',
        'DIRS': ['blog/templates'],
        'APP_DIRS': True,
        'OPTIONS': {
            'context_processors': [
                'django.template.context_processors.debug',
                'django.template.context_processors.request',
                'django.contrib.auth.context_processors.auth',
                'django.contrib.messages.context_processors.messages',
            ],
        },
    },
]
# 此处填写Ip(比如23.12.34.56)和对应的域名(www.baidu.com)
ALLOWED_HOSTS = ['XX.XXX.XX.X','XXX']

STATIC_URL = '/static/'

# python manage.py collectstatic
# 就会自动把所有STATICFILES_DIRS静态文件全部复制到STATIC_ROOT中
# STATIC_ROOT = os.path.join(BASE_DIR, '/home/')

# 用来存放单个App的静态文件
STATICFILES_DIRS = (
    'blog/static',
)

）

1.9 更改一下models.py文件并：

python3 manage.py makemigrations
python3 manage.py migrate

1.10 此时运行：

python3 manage.py runserver 8000

(默认在8000端口运行)

---

2. 把本地项目部署在服务器

2.1 安装pip3：

sudo apt install python3-pip  

2.2 在服务器上下载uwsgi：

sudo python3 -m pip install uwsgi  

2.3 安装nginx：

sudo apt-get install nginx  

2.4 在工程目录下建立myweb_uwsgi.ini文件：

|-- blog  
|   |-- __init__.py  
|   |-- __pycache__  
|   |   |-- __init__.cpython-35.pyc  
|   |   |-- views.cpython-35.pyc  
|   |-- admin.py  
|   |-- migrations  
|   |   |-- __init__.py  
|   |-- models.py  
|   |-- static  
|   |   |-- zfbcdn.js  
|   |-- templates  
|   |   |-- index.html  
|   |-- tests.py  
|   |-- views.py  
|-- db.sqlite3  
|-- manage.py  
|-- microblog  
|   |-- __init__.py  
|   |-- __pycache__  
|   |   |-- __init__.cpython-35.pyc  
|   |   |-- settings.cpython-35.pyc  
|   |   |-- urls.cpython-35.pyc  
|   |   |-- wsgi.cpython-35.pyc  
|   |-- settings.py  
|   |-- urls.py  
|   |-- wsgi.py  
|-- myweb_uwsgi.ini  

文件内容如下：

# myweb_uwsgi.ini file
[uwsgi]
# django-related settings
# django project socket port
socket = :8000
# set running directory before loading
chdir = /home/microblog
# python project's wsgi file location
module = microblog.wsgi
# enable master process
master = true
# processes that were opened
processes = 4
# file permission
chomd-socket = 664
# autoclean environments when server exits
vacuum = true
# let process run in daemonize
daemonize = /home/log/blogserver.log
# split log file by size(KB)
log-maxsize = 1000000

2.5 然后进入/etc/nginx目录下：

mylinux@VM-11-11-mylinux:/home/microblog$ cd /etc/nginx
mylinux@VM-11-11-mylinux:/etc/nginx$ ls
conf.d          koi-utf     nginx.conf    sites-available  uwsgi_params
fastcgi.conf    koi-win     proxy_params  sites-enabled    win-utf
fastcgi_params  mime.types  scgi_params   snippets
mylinux@VM-11-11-mylinux:/etc/nginx$ 

然后sudo vi nginx.conf后不更该其他内容，只在http{}内增加以下代码：

server {
        listen 80 ;
        server_name XX ;    # 此处填写域名或者ip，比如www.baidu.com
        charset UTF-8 ;
        access_log /home/log/myweb_access.log ;
        error_log /home/log/myweb_error.log ;
        client_max_body_size 75M ;
        location / {
            include uwsgi_params ;
            uwsgi_pass 127.0.0.1:8000 ;
            uwsgi_read_timeout 2 ;
        }
        location /static {
            expires 30d ;
            autoindex on ;
            add_header Cache-Control private ;
            alias /home/microblog/blog/static/ ;
        }
}

2.6 运行Django项目：

uwsgi –ini /home/microblog/myweb_uwsgi.ini  

2.7 然后运行或重启nginx：

service nginx restart  

---

附录：各文件内容

---

manage.py

# manage.py
#!/usr/bin/env python
# manage.py
import os
import sys

if __name__ == "__main__":
    os.environ.setdefault("DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE", "microblog.settings")

    from django.core.management import execute_from_command_line

    execute_from_command_line(sys.argv)

---

settings.py

# coding:utf-8
# !usr/bin/env python3
# settings.py
"""
Django settings for microblog project.

Generated by 'django-admin startproject' using Django 1.8.

For more information on this file, see
https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.8/topics/settings/

For the full list of settings and their values, see
https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.8/ref/settings/
"""

# Build paths inside the project like this: os.path.join(BASE_DIR, ...)
import os

BASE_DIR = os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)))


# Quick-start development settings - unsuitable for production
# See https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.8/howto/deployment/checklist/

# SECURITY WARNING: keep the secret key used in production secret!
SECRET_KEY = 'v%-j08&2k4!$&jlr7ld(v+e*1#-x3j7xl)6$x-1@xokqena5rt'

# SECURITY WARNING: don't run with debug turned on in production!
DEBUG = True

ALLOWED_HOSTS = []


# Application definition

# following lists were added by myself
"""
新建的 app 如果不加到 INSTALL_APPS 中的话, django 就不能自动找到app中的模板文件(app-name/templates/下的文件)和静态文件(app-name/static/中的文件)
"""
INSTALLED_APPS = (
    'django.contrib.admin',
    'django.contrib.auth',
    'django.contrib.contenttypes',
    'django.contrib.sessions',
    'django.contrib.messages',
    'django.contrib.staticfiles',


    'microblog',
)

MIDDLEWARE_CLASSES = (
    'django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware',
    'django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware',
    'django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware',
    'django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware',
    'django.contrib.auth.middleware.SessionAuthenticationMiddleware',
    'django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware',
    'django.middleware.clickjacking.XFrameOptionsMiddleware',
    'django.middleware.security.SecurityMiddleware',
)

ROOT_URLCONF = 'microblog.urls'

# 需要在DIRS中添加模板文件路径
TEMPLATES = [
    {
        'BACKEND': 'django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates',
        'DIRS': ['blog/templates'],
        'APP_DIRS': True,
        'OPTIONS': {
            'context_processors': [
                'django.template.context_processors.debug',
                'django.template.context_processors.request',
                'django.contrib.auth.context_processors.auth',
                'django.contrib.messages.context_processors.messages',
            ],
        },
    },
]

WSGI_APPLICATION = 'microblog.wsgi.application'


# Database
# https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.8/ref/settings/#databases

DATABASES = {
    'default': {
        'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.sqlite3',
        'NAME': os.path.join(BASE_DIR, 'db.sqlite3'),
    }
}


# Internationalization
# https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.8/topics/i18n/

LANGUAGE_CODE = 'en-us'

TIME_ZONE = 'UTC'

USE_I18N = True

USE_L10N = True

USE_TZ = True


# Static files (CSS, JavaScript, Images)
# https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.8/howto/static-files/

STATIC_URL = '/static/'

# python manage.py collectstatic
# 就会自动把所有STATICFILES_DIRS静态文件全部复制到STATIC_ROOT中
# STATIC_ROOT = os.path.join(BASE_DIR, '/home/')

# 用来存放单个App的静态文件
STATICFILES_DIRS = (
    'blog/static',
)

'''
STATIC_URL = '/static/'
# 当运行 python manage.py collectstatic 的时候
# STATIC_ROOT 文件夹 是用来将所有STATICFILES_DIRS中所有文件夹中的文件，以及各app中static中的文件都复制过来
# 把这些文件放到一起是为了用apache等部署的时候更方便
STATIC_ROOT = os.path.join(BASE_DIR, 'collected_static')

# 其它 存放静态文件的文件夹，可以用来存放项目中公用的静态文件，里面不能包含 STATIC_ROOT
# 如果不想用 STATICFILES_DIRS 可以不用，都放在 app 里的 static 中也可以
STATICFILES_DIRS = (
    os.path.join(BASE_DIR, "common_static"),
    '/path/to/others/static/',  # 用不到的时候可以不写这一行
)

# 这个是默认设置，Django 默认会在 STATICFILES_DIRS中的文件夹 和 各app下的static文件夹中找文件
# 注意有先后顺序，找到了就不再继续找了
STATICFILES_FINDERS = (
    "django.contrib.staticfiles.finders.FileSystemFinder",
    "django.contrib.staticfiles.finders.AppDirectoriesFinder"
)
'''

---

urls.py

# coding:utf-8
# !usr/bin/env python3
# urls.py

from django.conf.urls import include, url
from django.contrib import admin

# 自己导入
from blog import views as blog

urlpatterns = [
    # Examples:
    # url(r'^$', 'microblog.views.home', name='home'),
    # url(r'^blog/', include('blog.urls')),


    url(r'^$', blog.index, name='default'),
    url(r'^admin/', include(admin.site.urls)),
    url(r'^index', blog.index, name='index'),
    url(r'^user', blog.user, name='user')
]

---

wsgi.py

# wsgi.py
"""
WSGI config for microblog project.

It exposes the WSGI callable as a module-level variable named ``application``.

For more information on this file, see
https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.8/howto/deployment/wsgi/
"""

import os

from django.core.wsgi import get_wsgi_application

os.environ.setdefault("DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE", "microblog.settings")

application = get_wsgi_application()

---

admin.py

# coding:utf-8
# !usr/bin/env python3
# admin.py

# Register your models here.
from django.contrib import admin
from .models import Article, Person


class ArticleAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    list_display = ('title', 'pub_date', 'update_time',)

---

views.py

# coding:utf-8
# !usr/bin/env python3
# views.py

from django.http import HttpResponse
from django.shortcuts import render
from django.views.decorators.csrf import csrf_exempt

# Create your views here.

# 定义了一个index()函数，第一个参数必须是 request，与网页发来的请求有关，request 变量里面包含get或post的内容，用户浏览器，系统等信息在里面
# HttpResponse，它是用来向网页返回内容的，就像Python中的 print 一样，只不过 HttpResponse 是把内容显示到网页上


def index(request):
    return render(request, 'index.html', {'title': '我是*修改的标题'})
    # return HttpResponse(u'欢应')


# 由于使用POST要CSTF，因此要加上这个
@csrf_exempt
def user(request):
    if request.method=='POST':
        m_user = request.POST.get('user', 'default')
        m_pwd = request.POST.get('pwd', '111111')
        m_option = request.POST.get('love', 'default')
        return HttpResponse(m_user + m_pwd + m_option)
    else:
        return HttpResponse("这是get请求")

class PersonAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    list_display = ('full_name',)


admin.site.register(Article, ArticleAdmin)
admin.site.register(Person, PersonAdmin)

---

models.py

# coding:utf-8
# !usr/bin/env python3
# models.py

# Create your models here.
from __future__ import unicode_literals

from django.db import models
from django.utils.encoding import python_2_unicode_compatible


# python_2_unicode_compatible 会自动做一些处理去适应python不同的版本，
# 本例中的 unicode_literals 可以让python2.x 也像 python3 那个处理 unicode 字符

@python_2_unicode_compatible
class Article(models.Model):
    title = models.CharField(u'标题', max_length=256)
    content = models.TextField(u'内容')

    pub_date = models.DateTimeField(u'发表时间', auto_now_add=True, editable=True)
    update_time = models.DateTimeField(u'更新时间', auto_now=True, null=True)

    def __str__(self):
        return self.title


class Person(models.Model):
    first_name = models.CharField(max_length=50)
    last_name = models.CharField(max_length=50)

    def my_property(self):
        return self.first_name + ' ' + self.last_name

    my_property.short_description = "Full name of the person"

    full_name = property(my_property)

---

tests.py

# tests.py
from django.test import TestCase

# Create your tests here.

---

结束