目录
语言惯例( Information conventions )
学术文章结构
语言惯例( Information conventions )
- 信息元素包括 INFORMATION ELEMENTS INCLUDED：
- Overview of the Experiment
- Population/Sample
- Location
- Restrictions/Limiting Conditions
- Sampling Technique
- *Procedures
- Materials
- Variables
- Statistical Treatment
- (The elements included in the method section and the order in which they are presented are not fixed. )
- (* always included)
Processes and Procedures
- Processes: a series of actions which are carried out in order to achieve a particular result. 过程
- Procedures: a way of doing something, especially the usual or correct way. 程序
3W principle
- Where sth happened
- how sth was done
- Why sth was done
- so as to 以便 为了 为的是
- so that
- in case 假使 假如
- in the hope that 怀着…的希望；希望能…
- for fear that 以免；以防万一
Strategies for organization
- climactic order 递进顺序
- chronological order （事情发生或发展的）时间次序
- After that; then;
- In the first; In the second experiment; In the third experiment
逻辑和连贯性 Logic and Coherence
- cohesion and Coherence 外在接应(语言上的形式上的)和内在接应(思想上的)
- old-to-new information
- this+summary noun
- appropriate linking words: so;..
- The experiment consisted of ... steps. The first step was ...; Second came ...; The last/final step was to ...
- To begin this process ...
- ... was initially investigated.
- After ... had been done, ... was conducted.
- In the follow-up phase of the study, participants were asked ...
- Prior to the experiment, ...
表达上的注意事项
- Passive voice 被动语态
- Data were collected weekly from all sites.
- sound immodest: 使用第一人称时，
- 应该用 we...
- 避免头重脚轻 Do not go top-heavy
- 主语部分不要太长! 可以先使用代词
- 不好的表达：Wheat and barley, collected from the Virginia field site, as well as sorghum and millet, collected at Loxton, were used.
- 好的表达：Four cereals were used: wheat and barley, collected from the Virginia field site; and sorghum and millet, collected at Loxton.
好的表达例子
- The sophistication of our lives is in a large part bestowed by material wealth, we would quickly revert to animal behaviour without the stuff of our civilisation: what makes us human is our clothes, our homes, our cities, our things, which we animate through our customs and language. (para. 1)
- 我们生活方式的进步很大程度上是物质财富赐予的。要是没有文明的产物，我们很快就会退回到动物的行为方式。我们之所以为人，是因为我们穿衣服、住房子、建城市、用器物。通过语言和习俗，我们赋予这些事物生命力。
- We may assuage our conscience by hoping that they are recycled with some technology equal in sophistication to their fabrication techniques but they are not; most are disposed of in industrial blenders. (para.9)
- 我们可能会自我安慰，希望他们可以通过与制造技术同样成熟的技术得以回收利用，但事实并非如此，他们大部分都被工业搅拌机处理了。
-
By swapping a material and industrial understanding of the world for one based on facts and information, we find ourselves uncivilized in a different way. (para. 10)
- 对世界的理解有两种，一种是基于物质和工业， 一是基于事实和信息，我们用前者换取了后者，结果发现以一种不同的方式远离了文明。
- Science finally had been mated indissolubly to war, creating a juggernaut that no one was able to stop.
- 科学最终与战争不可分割的结合在一起，产生了无人可挡的强大力量。
- He insisted that in a total war, where science was the major determinant of national survival, a scientist was just as much as a soldier as a man with a rifle on the front line.
- 他坚持认为在一场全面战争中，科学是国家存亡的主要决定因素，科学家也是战士，就像在前线手持步枪的士兵一样。
图表描述 How to describe figures
- The figure shows / indicates / depicts / illustrates
- The picture depicts an ironic situation: 句子.
- The drawing(图画) mirrors a common social phonomenon:句子.
- From the figure it is clear that…
- It can be seen from the figure that…
- As can be seen from the figure,
- As is shown / illustrated by the figure,
- As is demonstrated in the bar chart, the past five years have seen a sharp increase of 42% in sth.
- As is demonstrated in the bar chart, A rank lowest/highest in sth in 2020. B,C and D come next respectively with a proportion of 5%, 6% and 8%.
-
To describe rising numbers
To describe falling numbers
To describe the degree of change
Comparision and contrast
to increase
to grow
to go up
to skyrocket
to decline
to decrease
to go down
to plummet
slight/slightly
dramatic/dramatically
stable/stably
rapid/rapidly
similar to
double/triple
10 times bigger than
3 times as large as
描述曲线的一个例子
- 图示
-
平稳变化 Remain unchanged, steady, stable, constant, plateau, fixed/static
- From January to March, the percentage of children using supplements remained fairly static at approximately 10%.
- The percentage of children taking dietary supplements was relatively stable during the first two months of the year.
- During the first two months, supplement use remained fairly unchanged.
-
缓慢下降 fall (fell, fallen), decrease (-ed, -ed), drop (dropped, dropped), plunge (-ed, -ed), decline (-ed, -ed) slight (slightly), steady (steadily), gradual (gradually), gentle (gently), slow (slowly) downward trend
- It then fell gradually in March.
- There was a slight decrease in the use of dietary supplements in March.
- The graph shows a slight decrease in March.
- Supplement use experienced a steady decrease in March.
- Supplement use decreased slightly in March.
- -------------------------------------------------------------
- Between October and December, the decrease in the use of dietary supplements was at a much slower pace than in the previous two months.
- Supplement use continued to fall steadily over the next two months until it reached its lowest point in December.
- It fell to a low of only 5% in December.
-
急剧下降 dramatic (dramatically), sharp (sharply), significant (significantly), rapid (rapidly)
- Between August and October, this figure dropped dramatically to 11%.
- From August to October, there was a drop of 14% in the percentage of children taking dietary supplements.
- Between August and October, There was a considerable fall in the percentage of children using supplements.
- This was followed by a sharp drop of 14% over the next two months.
- Supplement use experienced a dramatic fall between August and October.
-
波动 fluctuate (-ed, -ed) wildly
- It went up and down widely over the next two months.
- It fluctuated for the following two months.
-
急剧上升 rise (rose, risen), grow (grew, grown), climb (-ed, -ed), shoot up (shot up, shot up) dramatic (dramatically), sharp (sharply), significant (significantly), rapid (rapidly)upward trend
- There was a significant increase in the percentage of children taking dietary supplements between June and August.
- The period between June and August saw a dramatic growth in the use of dietary supplements.
- Between June and August, the percentage of children taking dietary supplements shot up dramatically.
- The greatest rise was from June to August when it rose by 22% for two consecutive months from June to August.
-
升到顶峰 peak (-ed, -ed), reach (-ed, -ed)
- The percentage of children taking dietary supplements was at its highest level in April.
- Supplement use peaked at close to 25% in April.
- It reached a peak of 25% in April.
缩写 Abbreviations
- 1. no. number
- 2. av. average
- 3. diag. diagram
- 4. gov’t government
- 5. b/c because
- 6. imp. important
- 7. esp. especially
- 8. e.g. for example
- 9. cf. 比较(拉丁文 confer (=compare) )
- 10. vs versus 与……相比
- 11. stats statistics
- 12. i.e. that is to say
- 13. fig. figure （书写形式）图，表
- 14. w/ With
- 15. abt. about
- 16. med. abbr. 医学（medicine）；中间的（middle）；中数（medium）
常见错误 Types of error
- 1.单数复数形式 Incorrect usage of singular plural forms.
- (e.g., all tea leaves sample were oven dried.)
- 2. 语法结构过于复杂/不准确 Over complex/inaccurate grammatical structures.
- （e.g. This may be due to lower pH hinders dissolution of soil organic matter and decreases total dissolved Cu concentration because of Cu-organic complex reducing.)
- 3. 动词和主语不一致 Non-agreement of verbs and subjects.
- (e.g. The results of this study suggest that…)
- 4. 介词选择错误 Incorrect choice of preposition.
- (e.g. Similar with the results of other researchers.
- 5. 冠词的非标准用法 Non-standard usage of the articles, a/an and the
- (e.g. the accumulation of Cu in human body) .
- 6. 情态动词用错 Non-standard selection of model verbs
- (e.g. would versus will , can versus could or may) .
- 7. 词性选择 Incorrect choice of part of speech
- （e.g. drought resistance varieties）.
- 8.时态选择 Non-conventional selection of tense
- (e.g. present tense to refer to results of study being reported.)