kubernetes简介
Kubernetes节点架构图：
kubernetes组件架构图：
- 准备基础环境
我们将使用kubeadm部署3个节点的 Kubernetes Cluster，整体结构图：
- 节点详细信息：
无特殊说明以下操作在所有节点执行：
修改主机名：
#master节点:
hostnamectl set-hostname k8s-master
#node1节点：
hostnamectl set-hostname k8s-node1
#node2节点:
hostnamectl set-hostname k8s-node2
基本配置：
#修改/etc/hosts文件
cat >> /etc/hosts << EOF
192.168.92.56 k8s-master
192.168.92.57 k8s-node1
192.168.92.58 k8s-node2
EOF
#关闭防火墙和selinux
systemctl stop firewalld && systemctl disable firewalld
sed -i \'s/^SELINUX=enforcing$/SELINUX=disabled/\' /etc/selinux/config && setenforce 0
#关闭swap
swapoff -a
yes | cp /etc/fstab /etc/fstab_bak
cat /etc/fstab_bak |grep -v swap > /etc/fstab
配置时间同步
使用chrony同步时间，配置master节点与网络NTP服务器同步时间，所有node节点与master节点同步时间。
配置master节点：
#安装chrony：
yum install -y chrony
#注释默认ntp服务器
sed -i \'s/^server/#&/\' /etc/chrony.conf
#指定上游公共 ntp 服务器，并允许其他节点同步时间
cat >> /etc/chrony.conf << EOF
server 0.asia.pool.ntp.org iburst
server 1.asia.pool.ntp.org iburst
server 2.asia.pool.ntp.org iburst
server 3.asia.pool.ntp.org iburst
allow all
EOF
#重启chronyd服务并设为开机启动：
systemctl enable chronyd && systemctl restart chronyd
#开启网络时间同步功能
timedatectl set-ntp true
配置所有node节点：
(注意修改master IP地址)
#安装chrony：
yum install -y chrony
#注释默认服务器
sed -i \'s/^server/#&/\' /etc/chrony.conf
#指定内网 master节点为上游NTP服务器
echo server 192.168.92.56 iburst >> /etc/chrony.conf
#重启服务并设为开机启动：
systemctl enable chronyd && systemctl restart chronyd
所有节点执行chronyc sources命令，查看存在以^*开头的行，说明已经与服务器时间同步
- 修改iptables相关参数
RHEL / CentOS 7上的一些用户报告了由于iptables被绕过而导致流量路由不正确的问题。创建/etc/sysctl.d/k8s.conf文件，添加如下内容：
cat <<EOF > /etc/sysctl.d/k8s.conf
vm.swappiness = 0
net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-ip6tables = 1
net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-iptables = 1
net.ipv4.ip_forward = 1
EOF
# 使配置生效
modprobe br_netfilter
sysctl -p /etc/sysctl.d/k8s.conf
加载ipvs相关模块
由于ipvs已经加入到了内核的主干，所以为kube-proxy开启ipvs的前提需要加载以下的内核模块：
在所有的Kubernetes节点执行以下脚本:
cat > /etc/sysconfig/modules/ipvs.modules <<EOF
#!/bin/bash
modprobe -- ip_vs
modprobe -- ip_vs_rr
modprobe -- ip_vs_wrr
modprobe -- ip_vs_sh
modprobe -- nf_conntrack_ipv4
EOF
#执行脚本
chmod 755 /etc/sysconfig/modules/ipvs.modules && bash /etc/sysconfig/modules/ipvs.modules && lsmod | grep -e ip_vs -e nf_conntrack_ipv4
上面脚本创建了/etc/sysconfig/modules/ipvs.modules文件，保证在节点重启后能自动加载所需模块。 使用lsmod | grep -e ip_vs -e nf_conntrack_ipv4命令查看是否已经正确加载所需的内核模块。
接下来还需要确保各个节点上已经安装了ipset软件包。 为了便于查看ipvs的代理规则，最好安装一下管理工具ipvsadm。
yum install ipset ipvsadm -y
安装Docker
Kubernetes默认的容器运行时仍然是Docker，使用的是kubelet中内置dockershim CRI实现。需要注意的是，Kubernetes 1.13最低支持的Docker版本是1.11.1，最高支持是18.06，而Docker最新版本已经是18.09了，故我们安装时需要指定版本为18.06.1-ce。
#配置docker yum源
yum-config-manager --add-repo http://mirrors.aliyun.com/docker-ce/linux/centos/docker-ce.repo
#安装指定版本，这里安装18.06
yum list docker-ce --showduplicates | sort -r
yum install -y docker-ce-18.06.1.ce-3.el7
systemctl start docker && systemctl enable docker
- 安装kubeadm、kubelet、kubectl
官方安装文档可以参考：
https://kubernetes.io/docs/setup/independent/install-kubeadm/
- kubelet 在群集中所有节点上运行的核心组件, 用来执行如启动pods和containers等操作。
- ubeadm 引导启动k8s集群的命令行工具，用于初始化 Cluster。
- kubectl 是 Kubernetes 命令行工具。通过 kubectl 可以部署和管理应用，查看各种资源，创建、删除和更新各种组件。
#配置kubernetes.repo的源，由于官方源国内无法访问，这里使用阿里云yum源
cat <<EOF > /etc/yum.repos.d/kubernetes.repo
[kubernetes]
name=Kubernetes
baseurl=https://mirrors.aliyun.com/kubernetes/yum/repos/kubernetes-el7-x86_64/
enabled=1
gpgcheck=1
repo_gpgcheck=1
gpgkey=https://mirrors.aliyun.com/kubernetes/yum/doc/yum-key.gpg https://mirrors.aliyun.com/kubernetes/yum/doc/rpm-package-key.gpg
EOF
#在所有节点上安装指定版本 kubelet、kubeadm 和 kubectl
yum install -y kubelet-1.13.1 kubeadm-1.13.1 kubectl-1.13.1
#启动kubelet服务
systemctl enable kubelet && systemctl start kubelet
部署master节点
完整的官方文档可以参考：
https://kubernetes.io/docs/setup/independent/create-cluster-kubeadm/
https://kubernetes.io/docs/reference/setup-tools/kubeadm/kubeadm-init/
Master节点执行初始化：
注意这里执行初始化用到了- -image-repository选项，指定初始化需要的镜像源从阿里云镜像仓库拉取。
kubeadm init \
--apiserver-advertise-address=192.168.92.56 \
--image-repository registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers \
--kubernetes-version v1.13.1 \
--pod-network-cidr=10.244.0.0/16
初始化命令说明：
--apiserver-advertise-address
指明用 Master 的哪个 interface 与 Cluster 的其他节点通信。如果 Master 有多个 interface，建议明确指定，如果不指定，kubeadm 会自动选择有默认网关的 interface。
--pod-network-cidr
指定 Pod 网络的范围。Kubernetes 支持多种网络方案，而且不同网络方案对 --pod-network-cidr 有自己的要求，这里设置为 10.244.0.0/16 是因为我们将使用 flannel 网络方案，必须设置成这个 CIDR。
--image-repository
Kubenetes默认Registries地址是 k8s.gcr.io，在国内并不能访问 gcr.io，在1.13版本中我们可以增加–image-repository参数，默认值是 k8s.gcr.io，将其指定为阿里云镜像地址：registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers。
--kubernetes-version=v1.13.1
关闭版本探测，因为它的默认值是stable-1，会导致从https://dl.k8s.io/release/stable-1.txt下载最新的版本号，我们可以将其指定为固定版本（最新版：v1.13.1）来跳过网络请求。
初始化过程如下：
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubeadm init \
> --image-repository registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers \
> --kubernetes-version v1.13.1 \
> --pod-network-cidr=10.244.0.0/16
[init] Using Kubernetes version: v1.13.1
[preflight] Running pre-flight checks
[preflight] Pulling images required for setting up a Kubernetes cluster
[preflight] This might take a minute or two, depending on the speed of your internet connection
[preflight] You can also perform this action in beforehand using \'kubeadm config images pull\'
[kubelet-start] Writing kubelet environment file with flags to file "/var/lib/kubelet/kubeadm-flags.env"
[kubelet-start] Writing kubelet configuration to file "/var/lib/kubelet/config.yaml"
[kubelet-start] Activating the kubelet service
[certs] Using certificateDir folder "/etc/kubernetes/pki"
[certs] Generating "etcd/ca" certificate and key
[certs] Generating "etcd/healthcheck-client" certificate and key
[certs] Generating "apiserver-etcd-client" certificate and key
[certs] Generating "etcd/server" certificate and key
[certs] etcd/server serving cert is signed for DNS names [k8s-master localhost] and IPs [192.168.92.56 127.0.0.1 ::1]
[certs] Generating "etcd/peer" certificate and key
[certs] etcd/peer serving cert is signed for DNS names [k8s-master localhost] and IPs [192.168.92.56 127.0.0.1 ::1]
[certs] Generating "ca" certificate and key
[certs] Generating "apiserver" certificate and key
[certs] apiserver serving cert is signed for DNS names [k8s-master kubernetes kubernetes.default kubernetes.default.svc kubernetes.default.svc.cluster.local] and IPs [10.96.0.1 192.168.92.56]
[certs] Generating "apiserver-kubelet-client" certificate and key
[certs] Generating "front-proxy-ca" certificate and key
[certs] Generating "front-proxy-client" certificate and key
[certs] Generating "sa" key and public key
[kubeconfig] Using kubeconfig folder "/etc/kubernetes"
[kubeconfig] Writing "admin.conf" kubeconfig file
[kubeconfig] Writing "kubelet.conf" kubeconfig file
[kubeconfig] Writing "controller-manager.conf" kubeconfig file
[kubeconfig] Writing "scheduler.conf" kubeconfig file
[control-plane] Using manifest folder "/etc/kubernetes/manifests"
[control-plane] Creating static Pod manifest for "kube-apiserver"
[control-plane] Creating static Pod manifest for "kube-controller-manager"
[control-plane] Creating static Pod manifest for "kube-scheduler"
[etcd] Creating static Pod manifest for local etcd in "/etc/kubernetes/manifests"
[wait-control-plane] Waiting for the kubelet to boot up the control plane as static Pods from directory "/etc/kubernetes/manifests". This can take up to 4m0s
[apiclient] All control plane components are healthy after 21.009858 seconds
[uploadconfig] storing the configuration used in ConfigMap "kubeadm-config" in the "kube-system" Namespace
[kubelet] Creating a ConfigMap "kubelet-config-1.13" in namespace kube-system with the configuration for the kubelets in the cluster
[patchnode] Uploading the CRI Socket information "/var/run/dockershim.sock" to the Node API object "k8s-master" as an annotation
[mark-control-plane] Marking the node k8s-master as control-plane by adding the label "node-role.kubernetes.io/master=\'\'"
[mark-control-plane] Marking the node k8s-master as control-plane by adding the taints [node-role.kubernetes.io/master:NoSchedule]
[bootstrap-token] Using token: 60syk6.vnplamkn3zhwu3s3
[bootstrap-token] Configuring bootstrap tokens, cluster-info ConfigMap, RBAC Roles
[bootstraptoken] configured RBAC rules to allow Node Bootstrap tokens to post CSRs in order for nodes to get long term certificate credentials
[bootstraptoken] configured RBAC rules to allow the csrapprover controller automatically approve CSRs from a Node Bootstrap Token
[bootstraptoken] configured RBAC rules to allow certificate rotation for all node client certificates in the cluster
[bootstraptoken] creating the "cluster-info" ConfigMap in the "kube-public" namespace
[addons] Applied essential addon: CoreDNS
[addons] Applied essential addon: kube-proxy
Your Kubernetes master has initialized successfully!
To start using your cluster, you need to run the following as a regular user:
mkdir -p $HOME/.kube
sudo cp -i /etc/kubernetes/admin.conf $HOME/.kube/config
sudo chown $(id -u):$(id -g) $HOME/.kube/config
You should now deploy a pod network to the cluster.
Run "kubectl apply -f [podnetwork].yaml" with one of the options listed at:
https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/cluster-administration/addons/
You can now join any number of machines by running the following on each node
as root:
kubeadm join 192.168.92.56:6443 --token 60syk6.vnplamkn3zhwu3s3 --discovery-token-ca-cert-hash sha256:7d50e704bbfe69661e37c5f3ad13b1b88032b6b2b703ebd4899e259477b5be69
[root@k8s-master ~]#
(注意记录下初始化结果中的kubeadm join命令，部署worker节点时会用到)
初始化过程说明：
- [preflight] kubeadm 执行初始化前的检查。
- [kubelet-start] 生成kubelet的配置文件”/var/lib/kubelet/config.yaml”
- [certificates] 生成相关的各种token和证书
- [kubeconfig] 生成 KubeConfig 文件，kubelet 需要这个文件与 Master 通信
- [control-plane] 安装 Master 组件，会从指定的 Registry 下载组件的 Docker 镜像。
- [bootstraptoken] 生成token记录下来，后边使用kubeadm join往集群中添加节点时会用到
- [addons] 安装附加组件 kube-proxy 和 kube-dns。
- Kubernetes Master 初始化成功，提示如何配置常规用户使用kubectl访问集群。
- 提示如何安装 Pod 网络。
- 提示如何注册其他节点到 Cluster。
配置 kubectl
kubectl 是管理 Kubernetes Cluster 的命令行工具，前面我们已经在所有的节点安装了 kubectl。Master 初始化完成后需要做一些配置工作，然后 kubectl 就能使用了。
依照 kubeadm init 输出的最后提示，推荐用 Linux 普通用户执行 kubectl。
- 创建普通用户centos
#创建普通用户并设置密码123456
useradd centos && echo "centos:123456" | chpasswd centos
#追加sudo权限,并配置sudo免密
sed -i \'/^root/a\centos ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD:ALL\' /etc/sudoers
#保存集群安全配置文件到当前用户.kube目录
su - centos
mkdir -p $HOME/.kube
sudo cp -i /etc/kubernetes/admin.conf $HOME/.kube/config
sudo chown $(id -u):$(id -g) $HOME/.kube/config
#启用 kubectl 命令自动补全功能（注销重新登录生效）
echo "source <(kubectl completion bash)" >> ~/.bashrc
需要这些配置命令的原因是：Kubernetes 集群默认需要加密方式访问。所以，这几条命令，就是将刚刚部署生成的 Kubernetes 集群的安全配置文件，保存到当前用户的.kube 目录下，kubectl 默认会使用这个目录下的授权信息访问 Kubernetes 集群。
如果不这么做的话，我们每次都需要通过 export KUBECONFIG 环境变量告诉 kubectl 这个安全配置文件的位置。
配置完成后centos用户就可以使用 kubectl 命令管理集群了。
查看集群状态：
[centos@k8s-master ~]$ kubectl get cs
NAME STATUS MESSAGE ERROR
scheduler Healthy ok
controller-manager Healthy ok
etcd-0 Healthy {"health": "true"}
[centos@k8s-master ~]$
确认各个组件都处于healthy状态。
查看节点状态
[centos@k8s-master ~]$ kubectl get nodes
NAME STATUS ROLES AGE VERSION
k8s-master NotReady master 36m v1.13.1
[centos@k8s-master ~]$
可以看到，当前只存在1个master节点，并且这个节点的状态是 NotReady。
使用 kubectl describe 命令来查看这个节点（Node）对象的详细信息、状态和事件（Event）：
[centos@k8s-master ~]$ kubectl describe node k8s-master
......
Events:
Type Reason Age From Message
---- ------ ---- ---- -------
Normal Starting 33m kubelet, k8s-master Starting kubelet.
Normal NodeHasSufficientMemory 33m (x8 over 33m) kubelet, k8s-master Node k8s-master status is now: NodeHasSufficientMemory
Normal NodeHasNoDiskPressure 33m (x8 over 33m) kubelet, k8s-master Node k8s-master status is now: NodeHasNoDiskPressure
Normal NodeHasSufficientPID 33m (x7 over 33m) kubelet, k8s-master Node k8s-master status is now: NodeHasSufficientPID
Normal NodeAllocatableEnforced 33m kubelet, k8s-master Updated Node Allocatable limit across pods
Normal Starting 33m kube-proxy, k8s-master Starting kube-proxy.
通过 kubectl describe 指令的输出，我们可以看到 NodeNotReady 的原因在于，我们尚未部署任何网络插件，kube-proxy等组件还处于starting状态。
另外，我们还可以通过 kubectl 检查这个节点上各个系统 Pod 的状态，其中，kube-system 是 Kubernetes 项目预留的系统 Pod 的工作空间（Namepsace，注意它并不是 Linux Namespace，它只是 Kubernetes 划分不同工作空间的单位）：
[centos@k8s-master ~]$ kubectl get pod -n kube-system -o wide
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE IP NODE NOMINATED NODE READINESS GATES
coredns-78d4cf999f-7jdx7 0/1 Pending 0 29m <none> <none> <none> <none>
coredns-78d4cf999f-s6mhk 0/1 Pending 0 29m <none> <none> <none> <none>
etcd-k8s-master 1/1 Running 0 34m 192.168.92.56 k8s-master <none> <none>
kube-apiserver-k8s-master 1/1 Running 0 34m 192.168.92.56 k8s-master <none> <none>
kube-controller-manager-k8s-master 1/1 Running 0 34m 192.168.92.56 k8s-master <none> <none>
kube-proxy-przwf 1/1 Running 0 34m 192.168.92.56 k8s-master <none> <none>
kube-scheduler-k8s-master 1/1 Running 0 34m 192.168.92.56 k8s-master <none> <none>
[centos@k8s-master ~]$
可以看到，CoreDNS依赖于网络的 Pod 都处于 Pending 状态，即调度失败。这当然是符合预期的：因为这个 Master 节点的网络尚未就绪。
集群初始化如果遇到问题，可以使用kubeadm reset命令进行清理然后重新执行初始化。
部署网络插件
要让 Kubernetes Cluster 能够工作，必须安装 Pod 网络，否则 Pod 之间无法通信。
Kubernetes 支持多种网络方案，这里我们使用 flannel
执行如下命令部署 flannel：
kubectl apply -f https://raw.githubusercontent.com/coreos/flannel/master/Documentation/kube-flannel.yml
[centos@k8s-master ~]$ kubectl apply -f https://raw.githubusercontent.com/coreos/flannel/master/Documentation/kube-flannel.yml
clusterrole.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/flannel created
clusterrolebinding.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/flannel created
serviceaccount/flannel created
configmap/kube-flannel-cfg created
daemonset.extensions/kube-flannel-ds-amd64 created
daemonset.extensions/kube-flannel-ds-arm64 created
daemonset.extensions/kube-flannel-ds-arm created
daemonset.extensions/kube-flannel-ds-ppc64le created
daemonset.extensions/kube-flannel-ds-s390x created
[centos@k8s-master ~]$
部署完成后，我们可以通过 kubectl get 重新检查 Pod 的状态：
[centos@k8s-master ~]$ kubectl get pod -n kube-system -o wide
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE IP NODE NOMINATED NODE READINESS GATES
coredns-78d4cf999f-7jdx7 1/1 Running 0 11h 10.244.0.3 k8s-master <none> <none>
coredns-78d4cf999f-s6mhk 1/1 Running 0 11h 10.244.0.2 k8s-master <none> <none>
etcd-k8s-master 1/1 Running 1 11h 192.168.92.56 k8s-master <none> <none>
kube-apiserver-k8s-master 1/1 Running 1 11h 192.168.92.56 k8s-master <none> <none>
kube-controller-manager-k8s-master 1/1 Running 1 11h 192.168.92.56 k8s-master <none> <none>
kube-flannel-ds-amd64-lkf2f 1/1 Running 0 10h 192.168.92.56 k8s-master <none> <none>
kube-proxy-przwf 1/1 Running 1 11h 192.168.92.56 k8s-master <none> <none>
kube-scheduler-k8s-master 1/1 Running 1 11h 192.168.92.56 k8s-master <none> <none>
[centos@k8s-master ~]$
可以看到，所有的系统 Pod 都成功启动了，而刚刚部署的flannel网络插件则在 kube-system 下面新建了一个名叫kube-flannel-ds-amd64-lkf2f的 Pod，一般来说，这些 Pod 就是容器网络插件在每个节点上的控制组件。
Kubernetes 支持容器网络插件，使用的是一个名叫 CNI 的通用接口，它也是当前容器网络的事实标准，市面上的所有容器网络开源项目都可以通过 CNI 接入 Kubernetes，比如 Flannel、Calico、Canal、Romana 等等，它们的部署方式也都是类似的“一键部署”。
再次查看master节点状态已经为ready状态：
[centos@k8s-master ~]$ kubectl get nodes
NAME STATUS ROLES AGE VERSION
k8s-master Ready master 11h v1.13.1
[centos@k8s-master ~]$
至此，Kubernetes 的 Master 节点就部署完成了。如果你只需要一个单节点的 Kubernetes，现在你就可以使用了。不过，在默认情况下，Kubernetes 的 Master 节点是不能运行用户 Pod 的。
部署worker节点
Kubernetes 的 Worker 节点跟 Master 节点几乎是相同的，它们运行着的都是一个 kubelet 组件。唯一的区别在于，在 kubeadm init 的过程中，kubelet 启动后，Master 节点上还会自动运行 kube-apiserver、kube-scheduler、kube-controller-manger 这三个系统 Pod。
在 k8s-node1 和 k8s-node2 上分别执行如下命令，将其注册到 Cluster 中：
#执行以下命令将节点接入集群
kubeadm join 192.168.92.56:6443 --token 67kq55.8hxoga556caxty7s --discovery-token-ca-cert-hash sha256:7d50e704bbfe69661e37c5f3ad13b1b88032b6b2b703ebd4899e259477b5be69
#如果执行kubeadm init时没有记录下加入集群的命令，可以通过以下命令重新创建
kubeadm token create --print-join-command
在k8s-node1上执行kubeadm join ：
[root@k8s-node1 ~]# kubeadm join 192.168.92.56:6443 --token 67kq55.8hxoga556caxty7s --discovery-token-ca-cert-hash sha256:7d50e704bbfe69661e37c5f3ad13b1b88032b6b2b703ebd4899e259477b5be69
[preflight] Running pre-flight checks
[discovery] Trying to connect to API Server "192.168.92.56:6443"
[discovery] Created cluster-info discovery client, requesting info from "https://192.168.92.56:6443"
[discovery] Requesting info from "https://192.168.92.56:6443" again to validate TLS against the pinned public key
[discovery] Cluster info signature and contents are valid and TLS certificate validates against pinned roots, will use API Server "192.168.92.56:6443"
[discovery] Successfully established connection with API Server "192.168.92.56:6443"
[join] Reading configuration from the cluster...
[join] FYI: You can look at this config file with \'kubectl -n kube-system get cm kubeadm-config -oyaml\'
[kubelet] Downloading configuration for the kubelet from the "kubelet-config-1.13" ConfigMap in the kube-system namespace
[kubelet-start] Writing kubelet configuration to file "/var/lib/kubelet/config.yaml"
[kubelet-start] Writing kubelet environment file with flags to file "/var/lib/kubelet/kubeadm-flags.env"
[kubelet-start] Activating the kubelet service
[tlsbootstrap] Waiting for the kubelet to perform the TLS Bootstrap...
[patchnode] Uploading the CRI Socket information "/var/run/dockershim.sock" to the Node API object "k8s-node1" as an annotation
This node has joined the cluster:
* Certificate signing request was sent to apiserver and a response was received.
* The Kubelet was informed of the new secure connection details.
Run \'kubectl get nodes\' on the master to see this node join the cluster.
[root@k8s-node1 ~]#
重复执行以上操作将k8s-node2也加进去（注意重新执行kubeadm token create --print-join-command）。
然后根据提示，我们可以通过 kubectl get nodes 查看节点的状态：
[centos@k8s-master ~]$ kubectl get nodes
NAME STATUS ROLES AGE VERSION
k8s-master Ready master 11h v1.13.1
k8s-node1 Ready <none> 24m v1.13.1
k8s-node2 Ready <none> 4m9s v1.13.1
[centos@k8s-master ~]$
nodes状态全部为ready，由于每个节点都需要启动若干组件，如果node节点的状态是 NotReady，可以查看所有节点pod状态，确保所有pod成功拉取到镜像并处于running状态：
[centos@k8s-master ~]$ kubectl get pod --all-namespaces -o wide
NAMESPACE NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE IP NODE NOMINATED NODE READINESS GATES
kube-system coredns-78d4cf999f-7jdx7 1/1 Running 0 11h 10.244.0.3 k8s-master <none> <none>
kube-system coredns-78d4cf999f-s6mhk 1/1 Running 0 11h 10.244.0.2 k8s-master <none> <none>
kube-system etcd-k8s-master 1/1 Running 1 12h 192.168.92.56 k8s-master <none> <none>
kube-system kube-apiserver-k8s-master 1/1 Running 1 12h 192.168.92.56 k8s-master <none> <none>
kube-system kube-controller-manager-k8s-master 1/1 Running 1 12h 192.168.92.56 k8s-master <none> <none>
kube-system kube-flannel-ds-amd64-d2r8p 1/1 Running 0 6m43s 192.168.92.58 k8s-node2 <none> <none>
kube-system kube-flannel-ds-amd64-d85c6 1/1 Running 0 27m 192.168.92.57 k8s-node1 <none> <none>
kube-system kube-flannel-ds-amd64-lkf2f 1/1 Running 0 11h 192.168.92.56 k8s-master <none> <none>
kube-system kube-proxy-k8jx8 1/1 Running 0 6m43s 192.168.92.58 k8s-node2 <none> <none>
kube-system kube-proxy-n95ck 1/1 Running 0 27m 192.168.92.57 k8s-node1 <none> <none>
kube-system kube-proxy-przwf 1/1 Running 1 12h 192.168.92.56 k8s-master <none> <none>
kube-system kube-scheduler-k8s-master 1/1 Running 1 12h 192.168.92.56 k8s-master <none> <none>
[centos@k8s-master ~]$
这时，所有的节点都已经 Ready，Kubernetes Cluster 创建成功，一切准备就绪。
如果pod状态为Pending、ContainerCreating、ImagePullBackOff 都表明 Pod 没有就绪，Running 才是就绪状态。
如果有pod提示Init:ImagePullBackOff，说明这个pod的镜像在对应节点上拉取失败，我们可以通过 kubectl describe pod 查看 Pod 具体情况，以确认拉取失败的镜像：
[centos@k8s-master ~]$ kubectl describe pod kube-flannel-ds-amd64-d2r8p --namespace=kube-system
......
Events:
Type Reason Age From Message
---- ------ ---- ---- -------
Normal Scheduled 2m14s default-scheduler Successfully assigned kube-system/kube-flannel-ds-amd64-lzx5v to k8s-node2
Warning Failed 109s kubelet, k8s-node2 Failed to pull image "quay.io/coreos/flannel:v0.10.0-amd64": rpc error: code = Unknown desc = Error response from daemon: Get https://quay.io/v2/: net/http: TLS handshake timeout
Warning Failed 109s kubelet, k8s-node2 Error: ErrImagePull
Normal BackOff 108s kubelet, k8s-node2 Back-off pulling image "quay.io/coreos/flannel:v0.10.0-amd64"
Warning Failed 108s kubelet, k8s-node2 Error: ImagePullBackOff
Normal Pulling 94s (x2 over 2m6s) kubelet, k8s-node2 pulling image "quay.io/coreos/flannel:v0.10.0-amd64"
这里看最后events输出内容，可以看到在下载 image 时失败，如果网络质量不好，这种情况是很常见的。我们可以耐心等待，因为 Kubernetes 会重试，我们也可以自己手工执行 docker pull 去下载这个镜像。
[root@k8s-node2 ~]# docker pull quay.io/coreos/flannel:v0.10.0-amd64
v0.10.0-amd64: Pulling from coreos/flannel
ff3a5c916c92: Already exists
8a8433d1d437: Already exists
306dc0ee491a: Already exists
856cbd0b7b9c: Already exists
af6d1e4decc6: Already exists
Digest: sha256:88f2b4d96fae34bfff3d46293f7f18d1f9f3ca026b4a4d288f28347fcb6580ac
Status: Image is up to date for quay.io/coreos/flannel:v0.10.0-amd64
[root@k8s-node2 ~]#
如果无法从 quay.io/coreos/flannel:v0.10.0-amd64 下载镜像，可以从阿里云或者dockerhub镜像仓库下载，然后改回原来的tag即可：
docker pull registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/kubernetes_containers/flannel:v0.10.0-amd64
docker tag registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/kubernetes_containers/flannel:v0.10.0-amd64 quay.io/coreos/flannel:v0.10.0-amd64
docker rmi registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/kubernetes_containers/flannel:v0.10.0-amd64
查看master节点下载了哪些镜像
[centos@k8s-master ~]$ sudo docker images
REPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED SIZE
registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/kube-proxy v1.13.1 fdb321fd30a0 2 weeks ago 80.2MB
registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/kube-apiserver v1.13.1 40a63db91ef8 2 weeks ago 181MB
registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/kube-scheduler v1.13.1 ab81d7360408 2 weeks ago 79.6MB
registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/kube-controller-manager v1.13.1 26e6f1db2a52 2 weeks ago 146MB
registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/coredns 1.2.6 f59dcacceff4 8 weeks ago 40MB
registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/etcd 3.2.24 3cab8e1b9802 3 months ago 220MB
quay.io/coreos/flannel v0.10.0-amd64 f0fad859c909 11 months ago 44.6MB
registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/pause 3.1 da86e6ba6ca1 12 months ago 742kB
[centos@k8s-master ~]$
查看node节点下载了哪些镜像：
[root@k8s-node1 ~]# docker images
REPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED SIZE
registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/kube-proxy v1.13.1 fdb321fd30a0 2 weeks ago 80.2MB
quay.io/coreos/flannel v0.10.0-amd64 f0fad859c909 11 months ago 44.6MB
registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/pause 3.1 da86e6ba6ca1 12 months ago 742kB
[root@k8s-node1 ~]#
- 测试集群各个组件
首先验证kube-apiserver, kube-controller-manager, kube-scheduler, pod network 是否正常：
部署一个 Nginx Deployment，包含2个Pod
参考：https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/workloads/controllers/deployment/
[centos@k8s-master ~]$ kubectl create deployment nginx --image=nginx:alpine
deployment.apps/nginx created
[centos@k8s-master ~]$ kubectl scale deployment nginx --replicas=2
deployment.extensions/nginx scaled
[centos@k8s-master ~]$
验证Nginx Pod是否正确运行，并且会分配10.244.开头的集群IP
[centos@k8s-master ~]$ kubectl get pods -l app=nginx -o wide
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE IP NODE NOMINATED NODE READINESS GATES
nginx-54458cd494-p2qgx 1/1 Running 0 111s 10.244.1.2 k8s-node1 <none> <none>
nginx-54458cd494-sdlm7 1/1 Running 0 103s 10.244.2.2 k8s-node2 <none> <none>
[centos@k8s-master ~]$
再验证一下kube-proxy是否正常：
以 NodePort 方式对外提供服务
参考：https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/services-networking/connect-applications-service/
[centos@k8s-master ~]$ kubectl expose deployment nginx --port=80 --type=NodePort
service/nginx exposed
[centos@k8s-master ~]$ kubectl get services nginx
NAME TYPE CLUSTER-IP EXTERNAL-IP PORT(S) AGE
nginx NodePort 10.108.17.2 <none> 80:30670/TCP 12s
[centos@k8s-master ~]$
可以通过任意 NodeIP:Port 在集群外部访问这个服务：
[centos@k8s-master ~]$ curl 192.168.92.56:30670
[centos@k8s-master ~]$ curl 192.168.92.57:30670
[centos@k8s-master ~]$ curl 192.168.92.58:30670
访问k8s-master ip
访问k8s-node1 ip
访问k8s-node2 ip
最后验证一下dns, pod network是否正常：
运行Busybox并进入交互模式
[centos@k8s-master ~]$ kubectl run -it curl --image=radial/busyboxplus:curl
kubectl run --generator=deployment/apps.v1 is DEPRECATED and will be removed in a future version. Use kubectl run --generator=run-pod/v1 or kubectl create instead.
If you don\'t see a command prompt, try pressing enter.
[ root@curl-66959f6557-s5qqs:/ ]$
输入nslookup nginx查看是否可以正确解析出集群内的IP，以验证DNS是否正常
[ root@curl-66959f6557-s5qqs:/ ]$ nslookup nginx
Server: 10.96.0.10
Address 1: 10.96.0.10 kube-dns.kube-system.svc.cluster.local
Name: nginx
Address 1: 10.108.17.2 nginx.default.svc.cluster.local
通过服务名进行访问，验证kube-proxy是否正常
[ root@curl-66959f6557-q472z:/ ]$ curl http://nginx/
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Welcome to nginx!</title>
......
</body>
</html>
[ root@curl-66959f6557-q472z:/ ]$
分别访问一下2个Pod的内网IP，验证跨Node的网络通信是否正常
[ root@curl-66959f6557-s5qqs:/ ]$ curl 10.244.1.2
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Welcome to nginx!</title>
......
</body>
</html>
[ root@curl-66959f6557-s5qqs:/ ]$ curl 10.244.2.2
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Welcome to nginx!</title>
......
</body>
</html>
[ root@curl-66959f6557-s5qqs:/ ]$
Pod调度到Master节点
出于安全考虑，默认配置下Kubernetes不会将Pod调度到Master节点。查看Taints字段默认配置：
[centos@k8s-master ~]$ kubectl describe node k8s-master
......
Taints: node-role.kubernetes.io/master:NoSchedule
如果希望将k8s-master也当作Node节点使用，可以执行如下命令,其中k8s-master是主机节点hostname：
kubectl taint node k8s-master node-role.kubernetes.io/master-
修改后Taints字段状态：
[centos@k8s-master ~]$ kubectl describe node k8s-master
......
Taints: <none>
如果要恢复Master Only状态，执行如下命令：
kubectl taint node k8s-master node-role.kubernetes.io/master=:NoSchedule
kube-proxy开启ipvs
修改ConfigMap的kube-system/kube-proxy中的config.conf，mode: “ipvs”：
[centos@k8s-master ~]$ kubectl edit cm kube-proxy -n kube-system
configmap/kube-proxy edited
之后重启各个节点上的kube-proxy pod：
[centos@k8s-master ~]$ kubectl get pod -n kube-system | grep kube-proxy | awk \'{system("kubectl delete pod "$1" -n kube-system")}\'
pod "kube-proxy-2w9sh" deleted
pod "kube-proxy-gw4lx" deleted
pod "kube-proxy-thv4c" deleted
[centos@k8s-master ~]$ kubectl get pod -n kube-system | grep kube-proxy
kube-proxy-6qlgv 1/1 Running 0 65s
kube-proxy-fdtjd 1/1 Running 0 47s
kube-proxy-m8zkx 1/1 Running 0 52s
[centos@k8s-master ~]$
查看日志：
[centos@k8s-master ~]$ kubectl logs kube-proxy-6qlgv -n kube-system
I1213 09:50:15.414493 1 server_others.go:189] Using ipvs Proxier.
W1213 09:50:15.414908 1 proxier.go:365] IPVS scheduler not specified, use rr by default
I1213 09:50:15.415021 1 server_others.go:216] Tearing down inactive rules.
I1213 09:50:15.461658 1 server.go:464] Version: v1.13.0
I1213 09:50:15.467827 1 conntrack.go:52] Setting nf_conntrack_max to 131072
I1213 09:50:15.467997 1 config.go:202] Starting service config controller
I1213 09:50:15.468010 1 controller_utils.go:1027] Waiting for caches to sync for service config controller
I1213 09:50:15.468092 1 config.go:102] Starting endpoints config controller
I1213 09:50:15.468100 1 controller_utils.go:1027] Waiting for caches to sync for endpoints config controller
I1213 09:50:15.568766 1 controller_utils.go:1034] Caches are synced for endpoints config controller
I1213 09:50:15.568950 1 controller_utils.go:1034] Caches are synced for service config controller
[centos@k8s-master ~]$
日志中打印出了Using ipvs Proxier，说明ipvs模式已经开启。
移除节点和集群
kubernetes集群移除节点
以移除k8s-node2节点为例，在Master节点上运行：
kubectl drain k8s-node2 --delete-local-data --force --ignore-daemonsets
kubectl delete node k8s-node2
上面两条命令执行完成后，在k8s-node2节点执行清理命令，重置kubeadm的安装状态：
kubeadm reset
在master上删除node并不会清理k8s-node2运行的容器，需要在删除节点上面手动运行清理命令。
如果你想重新配置集群，使用新的参数重新运行kubeadm init或者kubeadm join即可。
至此3个节点的集群搭建完成，后续可以继续添加node节点，或者部署dashboard、helm包管理工具、EFK日志系统、Prometheus Operator监控系统、rook+ceph存储系统等组件。