这是一步步的用EOSIO开发区块链DApp的第二部分,这部分将主要是为EOSIO平台开发智能合约。
示例智能合约的目的是模拟选举。我创建了一个EOSIO用户来托管智能合约。创建了两个公民用户来投票给候选人。投票记录保存在EOSIO区块链中。在此示例中,所有操作都在命令模式下运行。让我们开始吧。
开发智能合约
EOSIO执行以WebAssembly标准开发的智能合约。所以我用C++开发了选举智能合约。以下是election.cpp
的完整源代码:
#include <eosiolib/eosio.hpp>
using namespace eosio;
class election : public contract
{
private:
// create the multi index tables to store the data
/// @abi table
struct candidate {
uint64_t _key; // primary key
std::string _name; // candidate name
uint32_t _count = 0; // voted count
uint64_t primary_key() const { return _key; }
};
typedef eosio::multi_index<N(candidate), candidate> candidates;
/// @abi table
struct voter {
uint64_t _key;
uint64_t _candidate_key; // name of poll
account_name _account; // this account has voted, avoid duplicate voter
uint64_t primary_key() const { return _key; }
uint64_t candidate_key() const { return _candidate_key; }
};
typedef eosio::multi_index<N(voter), voter, indexed_by<N(_candidate_key), const_mem_fun<voter, uint64_t, &voter::candidate_key>>> voters;
// local instances of the multi indexes
candidates _candidates;
voters _voters;
uint64_t _candidates_count;
public:
election(account_name s) : contract(s), _candidates(s, s), _voters(s, s), _candidates_count(0) {}
// public methods exposed via the ABI
// on candidates
/// @abi action
void version() {
print("Election Smart Contract version 0.0.1\n");
};
/// @abi action
void addc(std::string name) {
print("Adding candidate ", name, "\n");
uint64_t key = _candidates.available_primary_key();
// update the table to include a new candidate
_candidates.emplace(get_self(), [&](auto &p) {
p._key = key;
p._name = name;
p._count = 0;
});
print("Candidate added successfully. candidate_key = ", key, "\n");
};
/// @abi action
void reset() {
// Get all keys of _candidates
std::vector<uint64_t> keysForDeletion;
for (auto &itr : _candidates) {
keysForDeletion.push_back(itr.primary_key());
}
// now delete each item for that poll
for (uint64_t key : keysForDeletion) {
auto itr = _candidates.find(key);
if (itr != _candidates.end()) {
_candidates.erase(itr);
}
}
// Get all keys of _voters
keysForDeletion.empty();
for (auto &itr : _voters) {
keysForDeletion.push_back(itr.primary_key());
}
// now delete each item for that poll
for (uint64_t key : keysForDeletion) {
auto itr = _voters.find(key);
if (itr != _voters.end()) {
_voters.erase(itr);
}
}
print("candidates and voters reset successfully.\n");
};
/// @abi action
void results() {
print("Start listing voted results\n");
for (auto& item : _candidates) {
print("Candidate ", item._name, " has voted count: ", item._count, "\n");
}
};
/// @abi action
void vote(account_name s, uint64_t candidate_key) {
require_auth(s);
bool found = false;
// Did the voter vote before?
for (auto& item : _voters) {
if (item._account == s) {
found = true;
break;
}
}
eosio_assert(!found, "You\'re voted already!");
// Findout the candidate by id
std::vector<uint64_t> keysForModify;
for (auto& item : _candidates) {
if (item.primary_key() == candidate_key) {
keysForModify.push_back(item.primary_key());
break;
}
}
if (keysForModify.size() == 0) {
eosio_assert(found, "Invalid candidate id!");
return;
}
// Update the voted count inside the candidate
for (uint64_t key : keysForModify) {
auto itr = _candidates.find(key);
auto candidate = _candidates.get(key);
if (itr != _candidates.end()) {
_candidates.modify(itr, get_self(), [&](auto& p) {
p._count++;
});
print("Voted candidate: ", candidate._name, " successfully\n");
}
}
// Add this user to voters array
_voters.emplace(get_self(), [&](auto& p) {
p._key = _voters.available_primary_key();
p._candidate_key = candidate_key;
p._account = s;
});
};
};
EOSIO_ABI(election, (version)(reset)(addc)(results)(vote))
注意最后一行EOSIO_ABI()
是一个宏语句,用于自动生成ABI文件而不是手动编写。ABI文件用于定义提交动作处理程序。这告诉了EOSIO智能合约中处理程序的定义。
EOSIO为我们提供了多索引数据库API,可以将数据保存到区块链中。在上面的选举智能合约中,我定义了两个multi_index
(类似于SQL表):候选人和选民。实际上是两个数组存储两个结构:候选者和选民。我使用C++ STL来操作multi_index
,例如add
,update
,delete
。
请注意,两个结构在开头标有/// @abi table
。这是告诉EOSIO abi生成器在election.abi
文件中生成ABI表。这很方便。
编译选举智能合约:
$ eosiocpp -o election.wast election.cpp
分别生成WAST和WASM文件。但这对EOSIO来说还不够。我们还需要生成ABI文件:
$ eosiocpp -g election.abi election.cpp
Visual Studio Code的可选文件
为了增强开发体验,我为Visual Studio Code(VSCode)创建了一个属性文件c_cpp_properties.json
,告诉它如何查找头文件。该文件需要存储在.vscode
目录中,如下所示:
.vscode/c_cpp_properties
文件内容如下:
{
"configurations": [
{
"name": "Linux",
"includePath": [
"${workspaceFolder}/**",
"~/eos/contracts",
"~/opt/boost/include"
],
"defines": [],
"compilerPath": "/usr/bin/clang++-4.0",
"cStandard": "c11",
"cppStandard": "c++17",
"intelliSenseMode": "clang-x64"
}
],
"version": 4
}
启动EOSIO
一直在使用配置良好的虚拟机(在第1部分中提到)。要启动单节点Testnet服务器:
$ nodeos -e -p eosio --plugin eosio::wallet_api_plugin --plugin eosio::chain_api_plugin --plugin eosio::history_api_plugin --access-control-allow-origin=* --contracts-console
单击此处获取nodeos参数的更多信息。
创建帐户
下一个任务是解锁默认钱包。EOSIO将密钥对存储在钱包中。每次服务器重启或每15分钟需要解锁一次。解锁钱包:
$ cleos wallet unlock --password ${wallet_password}
我们需要分别创建一个所有者密钥对和活动密钥对。然后将该私钥导入钱包。键入以下命令:
$ cleos create key # Create an owner key
$ cleos create key # Create an active key
$ cleos wallet import ${private_owner_key}
$ cleos wallet import ${private_active_key}
不要忘记在某个地方记录这些密钥对。
接下来的任务是创建一个新的帐户来保存选举智能合约。 键入以下命令:
$ cleos create account eosio election ${public_owner_key} ${public_active_key}
此外,为投票模拟创建两个公民:
$ cleos create account eosio voter1 ${public_owner_key} ${public_active_key}
$ cleos create account eosio voter2 ${public_owner_key} ${public_active_key}
部署智能合约
输入以下命令上传选举智能合约:
$ cleos set contract election ../election -p election
结果类似下图:
运行智能合约
我们可以尝试运行合约。
1.运行version
操作
$ cleos push action election version \'\' -p election
我们可以从nodeos检查控制台输出:
2.增加选举候选人
$ cleos push action election addc \'["Hillary Clinton"]\' -p election
$ cleos push action election addc \'["Donald J. Trump"]\' -p election
3.显示存储在区块链中的候选数据库
$ cleos get table election election candidate
结果如图所示:
4.模拟投票(两位选民都被投票给唐纳德·J·特朗普)
$ cleos push action election vote \'["voter1", 1]\' -p voter1
$ cleos push action election vote \'["voter2", 1]\' -p voter2
如果voter1再次投票:
$ cleos push action election vote \'["voter1", 0]\' -p voter1
EOSIO 将返回一个例外:
5.查看投票结果
$ cleos get table election election candidate
如你所见,候选人“Donald J. Trump”的投票数为2.这意味着选举智能合约正在工作!
这就是EOS开发dapp的第二部分。安利个EOS智能合约与DApp开发入门:http://t.cn/Rgs1kbm
在下一部分中,我将创建一个Web应用程序,用于演示Web访问者和区块链之间的交互。
源代码在这里github repo