今天就和大家一起来讨论一下python实现12306余票查询(pycharm+python3.7),一起来感受一下python爬虫的简单实践
我们说先在浏览器中打开开发者工具(f12),尝试一次余票的查询,通过开发者工具查看发出请求的包
余票查询界面
可以看到红框框中的url就是我们向12306服务器发出的请求,那么具体是什么呢?我们来看看
https://kyfw.12306.cn/otn/leftticket/queryz?leftticketdto.train_date=2019-01-21&leftticketdto.from_station=cdw&leftticketdto.to_station=szq&purpose_codes=adult
可以看到发出请求的几个字段:
leftticketdto.train_date:查询的日期
leftticketdto.from_station:查询的出发地
leftticketdto.to_station:查询的目的地
purpose_codes:不太清楚这个字段是用来做什么的,就默认吧
可以从我们递交的url请求看出,我们输入的成都,深圳都变成了对应的编号,比如,成都(cdw)、深圳(szq),所以当我们程序进行输入的时候要进行一下处理,12306的一个地方存储着这些城市名与编码对应的文档:
https://kyfw.12306.cn/otn/resources/js/framework/station_name.js?station_version=1.8971
站点编码对应
下面我们就编写一个小程序,将这些城市名与编号提取出来:
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import re,requests
url = "https://kyfw.12306.cn/otn/resources/js/framework/station_name.js?station_version=1.8971"
response = requests.get(url,verify = false)
#将车站的名字和编码进行提取
chezhan = re.findall(r '([\u4e00-\u9fa5]+)\|([a-z]+)' , response.text)
chezhan_code = dict (chezhan)
#进行交换
chezhan_names = dict ( zip (chezhan_code.values(),chezhan_code.keys()))
#打印出得到的车站字典
print (chezhan_names)
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得到的打印结果如下(只截取部分显示):
{'vap': '北京北', 'bop': '北京东', 'bjp': '北京', 'vnp': '北京南', 'bxp': '北京西', 'izq': '广州南', 'cuw': '重庆北', 'cqw': '重庆', 'crw': '重庆南', 'cxw': '重庆西', 'ggq': '广州东', 'shh': '上海', 'snh': '上海南', 'aoh': '上海虹桥', 'sxh': '上海西', 'tbp': '天津北', 'tjp': '天津', 'tip': '天津南', 'txp': '天津西', 'xja': '香港西九龙', 'cct': '长春', 'cet': '长春南', 'crt': '长春西', 'icw': '成都东', 'cnw': '成都南', 'cdw': '成都', 'csq': '长沙', 'cwq': '长沙南',}
接下来我们就动手开始程序的主要代码编写:
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def main():
date = input ( "请输入时间(如2019-01-22):\n" )
from_station = chezhan_code[ input ( "请输入起始站点:\n" )]
to_station = chezhan_code[ input ( "请输入目的站点:\n" )]
url = "https://kyfw.12306.cn/otn/leftticket/queryz?"
headers = {
"user-agent" : "mozilla/5.0 (windows nt 6.1; wow64) applewebkit/537.36 (khtml, like gecko) chrome/63.0.3239.26 safari/537.36 core/1.63.5702.400 qqbrowser/10.2.1893.400"
}
url = url + "leftticketdto.train_date=" + date + "&leftticketdto.from_station=" + from_station + "&leftticketdto.to_station=" + to_station + "&purpose_codes=adult"
#print(url) 已经检查过生成的url是正确的
#request请求获取主页
r = requests.get(url,headers = headers)
r.raise_for_status() #如果发送了一个错误的请求,会抛出异常
r.encoding = r.apparent_encoding
showticket(r.text)
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用户输入时间、起始站点、目的站点,然后通过get来请求,然后我们对返回的网页信息进行解析。我们现将上面代码的r.text进行打印,看看我们请求之后,返回了什么样的信息,然后决定我们应该如何解析
运行结果
这样看着不方便,我们粘贴到记事本中,进行详细的分析:
请求返回的结果信息
可以与12306显示的信息进行对比,k829是车次,cdw与bjq是出发地和目的地,10:10是出发时间,06:13是到达时间,44:21是历时时间,20190123为查询的日期,剩下的就是一系列票的各种信息。
下面就是对这些返回的信息进行解析,其实这也是python爬虫的关键,就是解析!!!
我们先把信息转化为json格式,可以看到都是用“|”隔开的,那么我们就用split函数分割出来,下面是主要功能代码:
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def showticket(html):
html = json.loads(html)
table = prettytable([ " 车次 " , "出发车站" , "到达车站" , "出发时间" , "到达时间" , " 历时 " , "商务座" , " 一等座" , "二等座" , "高级软卧" , "软卧" , "动卧" , "硬卧" , "软座" , "硬座" , "无座" , "其他" , "备注" ])
for i in html[ 'data' ][ 'result' ]:
name = [
"station_train_code" ,
"from_station_name" ,
"to_station_name" ,
"start_time" ,
"arrive_time" ,
"lishi" ,
"swz_num" ,
"zy_num" ,
"ze_num" ,
"dw_num" ,
"gr_num" ,
"rw_num" ,
"yw_num" ,
"rz_num" ,
"yz_num" ,
"wz_num" ,
"qt_num" ,
"note_num"
]
data = {
"station_train_code" : '',
"from_station_name" : '',
"to_station_name" : '',
"start_time" : '',
"arrive_time" : '',
"lishi" : '',
"swz_num" : '',
"zy_num" : '',
"ze_num" : '',
"dw_num" : '',
"gr_num" : '',
"rw_num" : '',
"yw_num" : '',
"rz_num" : '',
"yz_num" : '',
"wz_num" : '',
"qt_num" : '',
"note_num" : ''
}
#将各项信息提取并赋值
item = i.split( '|' ) #使用“|”进行分割
data[ "station_train_code" ] = item[ 3 ] #获取车次信息,在3号位置
data[ "from_station_name" ] = item[ 6 ] #始发站信息在6号位置
data[ "to_station_name" ] = item[ 7 ] #终点站信息在7号位置
data[ "start_time" ] = item[ 8 ] #出发时间在8号位置
data[ "arrive_time" ] = item[ 9 ] #抵达时间在9号位置
data[ "lishi" ] = item[ 10 ] #经历时间在10号位置
data[ "swz_num" ] = item[ 32 ] or item[ 25 ] #特别注意,商务座在32或25位置
data[ "zy_num" ] = item[ 31 ] #一等座信息在31号位置
data[ "ze_num" ] = item[ 30 ] #二等座信息在30号位置
data[ "gr_num" ] = item[ 21 ] #高级软卧信息在21号位置
data[ "rw_num" ] = item[ 23 ] #软卧信息在23号位置
data[ "dw_num" ] = item[ 27 ] #动卧信息在27号位置
data[ "yw_num" ] = item[ 28 ] #硬卧信息在28号位置
data[ "rz_num" ] = item[ 24 ] #软座信息在24号位置
data[ "yz_num" ] = item[ 29 ] #硬座信息在29号位置
data[ "wz_num" ] = item[ 26 ] #无座信息在26号位置
data[ "qt_num" ] = item[ 22 ] #其他信息在22号位置
data[ "note_num" ] = item[ 1 ] #备注信息在1号位置
color = colored()
data[ "note_num" ] = color.white(item[ 1 ])
#如果没有信息,那么就用“-”代替
for pos in name:
if data[pos] = = "":
data[pos] = "-"
tickets = []
cont = []
cont.append(data)
for x in cont:
tmp = []
for y in name:
if y = = "from_station_name" :
s = color.green(chezhan_names[data[ "from_station_name" ]])
tmp.append(s)
elif y = = "to_station_name" :
s = color.red(chezhan_names[data[ "to_station_name" ]])
tmp.append(s)
elif y = = "start_time" :
s = color.green(data[ "start_time" ])
tmp.append(s)
elif y = = "arrive_time" :
s = color.red(data[ "arrive_time" ])
tmp.append(s)
elif y = = "station_train_code" :
s = color.yellow(data[ "station_train_code" ])
tmp.append(s)
else :
tmp.append(data[y])
tickets.append(tmp)
for ticket in tickets:
table.add_row(ticket)
print (table)
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那么我们程序就成功啦!!!
运行结果
但是在编译器里面prettytable的格子没有对齐,不要担心,我们到终端运行一下脚本,就可以看到很好看的输出啦:
终端运行结果
完成!!!下面是完整代码
main.py
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# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
import re,requests,datetime,time,json
from prettytable import prettytable
from colorama import init,fore
from stationinfo import chezhan_code,chezhan_names
init(autoreset = false)
class colored( object ):
def yeah( self ,s):
return fore.lightcyan_ex + s + fore.reset
def green( self ,s):
return fore.lightgreen_ex + s + fore.reset
def yellow( self ,s):
return fore.lightyellow_ex + s + fore.reset
def white( self ,s):
return fore.lightwhite_ex + s + fore.reset
def blue( self ,s):
return fore.lightblue_ex + s + fore.reset
def showticket(html):
html = json.loads(html)
table = prettytable([ " 车次 " , "出发车站" , "到达车站" , "出发时间" , "到达时间" , " 历时 " , "商务座" , " 一等座" , "二等座" , "高级软卧" , "软卧" , "动卧" , "硬卧" , "软座" , "硬座" , "无座" , "其他" , "备注" ])
for i in html[ 'data' ][ 'result' ]:
name = [
"station_train_code" ,
"from_station_name" ,
"to_station_name" ,
"start_time" ,
"arrive_time" ,
"lishi" ,
"swz_num" ,
"zy_num" ,
"ze_num" ,
"dw_num" ,
"gr_num" ,
"rw_num" ,
"yw_num" ,
"rz_num" ,
"yz_num" ,
"wz_num" ,
"qt_num" ,
"note_num"
]
data = {
"station_train_code" : '',
"from_station_name" : '',
"to_station_name" : '',
"start_time" : '',
"arrive_time" : '',
"lishi" : '',
"swz_num" : '',
"zy_num" : '',
"ze_num" : '',
"dw_num" : '',
"gr_num" : '',
"rw_num" : '',
"yw_num" : '',
"rz_num" : '',
"yz_num" : '',
"wz_num" : '',
"qt_num" : '',
"note_num" : ''
}
#将各项信息提取并赋值
item = i.split( '|' ) #使用“|”进行分割
data[ "station_train_code" ] = item[ 3 ] #获取车次信息,在3号位置
data[ "from_station_name" ] = item[ 6 ] #始发站信息在6号位置
data[ "to_station_name" ] = item[ 7 ] #终点站信息在7号位置
data[ "start_time" ] = item[ 8 ] #出发时间在8号位置
data[ "arrive_time" ] = item[ 9 ] #抵达时间在9号位置
data[ "lishi" ] = item[ 10 ] #经历时间在10号位置
data[ "swz_num" ] = item[ 32 ] or item[ 25 ] #特别注意,商务座在32或25位置
data[ "zy_num" ] = item[ 31 ] #一等座信息在31号位置
data[ "ze_num" ] = item[ 30 ] #二等座信息在30号位置
data[ "gr_num" ] = item[ 21 ] #高级软卧信息在21号位置
data[ "rw_num" ] = item[ 23 ] #软卧信息在23号位置
data[ "dw_num" ] = item[ 27 ] #动卧信息在27号位置
data[ "yw_num" ] = item[ 28 ] #硬卧信息在28号位置
data[ "rz_num" ] = item[ 24 ] #软座信息在24号位置
data[ "yz_num" ] = item[ 29 ] #硬座信息在29号位置
data[ "wz_num" ] = item[ 26 ] #无座信息在26号位置
data[ "qt_num" ] = item[ 22 ] #其他信息在22号位置
data[ "note_num" ] = item[ 1 ] #备注信息在1号位置
color = colored()
data[ "note_num" ] = color.white(item[ 1 ])
#如果没有信息,那么就用“-”代替
for pos in name:
if data[pos] = = "":
data[pos] = "-"
tickets = []
cont = []
cont.append(data)
for x in cont:
tmp = []
for y in name:
if y = = "from_station_name" :
s = color.green(chezhan_names[data[ "from_station_name" ]])
tmp.append(s)
elif y = = "to_station_name" :
s = color.yeah(chezhan_names[data[ "to_station_name" ]])
tmp.append(s)
elif y = = "start_time" :
s = color.green(data[ "start_time" ])
tmp.append(s)
elif y = = "arrive_time" :
s = color.yeah(data[ "arrive_time" ])
tmp.append(s)
elif y = = "station_train_code" :
s = color.yellow(data[ "station_train_code" ])
tmp.append(s)
else :
tmp.append(data[y])
tickets.append(tmp)
for ticket in tickets:
table.add_row(ticket)
print (table)
def main():
date = input ( "请输入时间:\n" )
from_station = chezhan_code[ input ( "请输入起始站点:\n" )]
to_station = chezhan_code[ input ( "请输入目的站点:\n" )]
url = "https://kyfw.12306.cn/otn/leftticket/queryz?"
headers = {
"user-agent" : "mozilla/5.0 (windows nt 6.1; wow64) applewebkit/537.36 (khtml, like gecko) chrome/63.0.3239.26 safari/537.36 core/1.63.5702.400 qqbrowser/10.2.1893.400"
}
url = url + "leftticketdto.train_date=" + date + "&leftticketdto.from_station=" + from_station + "&leftticketdto.to_station=" + to_station + "&purpose_codes=adult"
#print(url) 已经检查过生成的url是正确的
#request请求获取主页
r = requests.get(url,headers = headers)
r.raise_for_status() #如果发送了一个错误的请求,会抛出异常
r.encoding = r.apparent_encoding
showticket(r.text)
#print(r.text)
main()
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stationinfo.py
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import re,requests
url = "https://kyfw.12306.cn/otn/resources/js/framework/station_name.js?station_version=1.8971"
response = requests.get(url,verify = false)
#将车站的名字和编码进行提取
chezhan = re.findall(r '([\u4e00-\u9fa5]+)\|([a-z]+)' , response.text)
chezhan_code = dict (chezhan)
chezhan_names = dict ( zip (chezhan_code.values(),chezhan_code.keys()))
#print(chezhan_names)
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总结
以上就是这篇文章的全部内容了,希望本文的内容对大家的学习或者工作具有一定的参考学习价值,谢谢大家对服务器之家的支持。如果你想了解更多相关内容请查看下面相关链接
原文链接:https://blog.csdn.net/qq_41841569/article/details/86570150