在早期开发的时候,我们完成的都是静态页面也就是html页面,随着时间轴的发展,慢慢的引入了jsp页面,当在后端服务查询到数据之后可以转发到jsp页面,可以轻松的使用jsp页面来实现数据的显示及交互,jsp有非常强大的功能,但是,在使用springboot的时候,整个项目是以jar包的方式运行而不是war包,而且还嵌入了tomcat容器,因此,在默认情况下是不支持jsp页面的。如果直接以纯静态页面的方式会给我们的开发带来很大的麻烦,springboot推荐使用模板引擎。
模板引擎有很多种,jsp,freemarker,thymeleaf,模板引擎的作用就是我们来写一个页面模板,比如有些值呢,是动态的,我们写一些表达式。而这些值,从哪来呢,我们来组装一些数据,我们把这些数据找到。然后把这个模板和这个数据交给我们模板引擎,模板引擎按照我们这个数据帮你把这表达式解析、填充到我们指定的位置,然后把这个数据最终生成一个我们想要的内容给我们写出去,这就是我们这个模板引擎,不管是jsp还是其他模板引擎,都是这个思想。只不过不同的模板引擎语法不同而已,下面重点学习下springboot推荐使用的thymeleaf模板引擎,语法简单且功能强大
1、thymeleaf的介绍
官网地址:https://www.thymeleaf.org/
thymeleaf在github的地址:https://github.com/thymeleaf/thymeleaf
中文网站:https://raledong.gitbooks.io/using-thymeleaf/content/
导入依赖:
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<!--thymeleaf模板-->
<dependency>
<groupId>org.thymeleaf</groupId>
<artifactId>thymeleaf-spring5</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.thymeleaf.extras</groupId>
<artifactId>thymeleaf-extras-java8time</artifactId>
</dependency>
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在springboot中有专门的thymeleaf配置类:ThymeleafProperties
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@ConfigurationProperties (prefix = "spring.thymeleaf" )
public class ThymeleafProperties {
private static final Charset DEFAULT_ENCODING = StandardCharsets.UTF_8;
public static final String DEFAULT_PREFIX = "classpath:/templates/" ;
public static final String DEFAULT_SUFFIX = ".html" ;
/**
* Whether to check that the template exists before rendering it.
*/
private boolean checkTemplate = true ;
/**
* Whether to check that the templates location exists.
*/
private boolean checkTemplateLocation = true ;
/**
* Prefix that gets prepended to view names when building a URL.
*/
private String prefix = DEFAULT_PREFIX;
/**
* Suffix that gets appended to view names when building a URL.
*/
private String suffix = DEFAULT_SUFFIX;
/**
* Template mode to be applied to templates. See also Thymeleaf's TemplateMode enum.
*/
private String mode = "HTML" ;
/**
* Template files encoding.
*/
private Charset encoding = DEFAULT_ENCODING;
/**
* Whether to enable template caching.
*/
private boolean cache = true ;
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2、thymeleaf使用模板
在java代码中写入如下代码:
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@RequestMapping ( "/hello" )
public String hello(Model model){
model.addAttribute( "msg" , "Hello" );
//classpath:/templates/hello.html
return "hello" ;
}
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html页面中写入如下代码:
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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang= "en" xmlns:th= "http://www.thymeleaf.org" >
<body>
<h1>Hello</h1>
<div th:text= "${msg}" ></div>
</body>
</html>
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3、thymeleaf的表达式语法
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Simple expressions:
Variable Expressions: ${...}
Selection Variable Expressions: *{...}
Message Expressions: #{...}
Link URL Expressions: @{...}
Fragment Expressions: ~{...}
Literals
Text literals: 'one text', 'Another one!',…
Number literals: 0, 34, 3.0, 12.3,…
Boolean literals: true, false
Null literal: null
Literal tokens: one, sometext, main,…
Text operations:
String concatenation: +
Literal substitutions: |The name is ${name}|
Arithmetic operations:
Binary operators: +, -, *, /, %
Minus sign (unary operator): -
Boolean operations:
Binary operators: and, or
Boolean negation (unary operator): !, not
Comparisons and equality:
Comparators: >, <, >=, <= (gt, lt, ge, le)
Equality operators: ==, != (eq, ne)
Conditional operators:
If-then: (if) ? (then)
If-then-else: (if) ? (then) : (else)
Default: (value) ?: (defaultvalue)
Special tokens:
No-Operation: _
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4、thymeleaf实例演示
1、th的常用属性值
一、th:text :设置当前元素的文本内容,相同功能的还有th:utext,两者的区别在于前者不会转义html标签,后者会。优先级不高:order=7
二、th:value:设置当前元素的value值,类似修改指定属性的还有th:src,th:href。优先级不高:order=6
三、th:each:遍历循环元素,和th:text或th:value一起使用。注意该属性修饰的标签位置,详细往后看。优先级很高:order=2
四、th:if:条件判断,类似的还有th:unless,th:switch,th:case。优先级较高:order=3
五、th:insert:代码块引入,类似的还有th:replace,th:include,三者的区别较大,若使用不恰当会破坏html结构,常用于公共代码块提取的场景。优先级最高:order=1
六、th:fragment:定义代码块,方便被th:insert引用。优先级最低:order=8
七、th:object:声明变量,一般和*{}一起配合使用,达到偷懒的效果。优先级一般:order=4
八、th:attr:修改任意属性,实际开发中用的较少,因为有丰富的其他th属性帮忙,类似的还有th:attrappend,th:attrprepend。优先级一般:order=5
thymeleaf.html
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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang= "en" xmlns:th= "http://www.thymeleaf.org" >
<head>
<meta charset= "UTF-8" >
<title>Title</title>
</head>
<body>
<p th:text= "${thText}" ></p>
<p th:utext= "${thUText}" ></p>
<input type= "text" th:value= "${thValue}" >
<div th:each= "message:${thEach}" >
<p th:text= "${message}" ></p>
</div>
<div>
<p th:text= "${message}" th:each= "message:${thEach}" ></p>
</div>
<p th:text= "${thIf}" th: if = "${not #strings.isEmpty(thIf)}" ></p>
<div th:object= "${thObject}" >
<p>name:<span th:text= "*{name}" /></p>
<p>age:<span th:text= "*{age}" /></p>
<p>gender:<span th:text= "*{gender}" /></p>
</div>
</body>
</html>
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ThymeleafController.java
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import org.springframework.stereotype.Controller;
import org.springframework.ui.ModelMap;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
@Controller
public class ThymeleafController {
@RequestMapping ( "thymeleaf" )
public String thymeleaf(ModelMap map){
map.put( "thText" , "th:text设置文本内容 <b>加粗</b>" );
map.put( "thUText" , "th:utext 设置文本内容 <b>加粗</b>" );
map.put( "thValue" , "thValue 设置当前元素的value值" );
map.put( "thEach" , "Arrays.asList(\"th:each\", \"遍历列表\")" );
map.put( "thIf" , "msg is not null" );
map.put( "thObject" , new Person( "zhangsan" , 12 , "男" ));
return "thymeleaf" ;
}
}
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2、标准表达式语法
${...} 变量表达式,Variable Expressions
*{...} 选择变量表达式,Selection Variable Expressions
一、可以获取对象的属性和方法
二、可以使用ctx,vars,locale,request,response,session,servletContext内置对象
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session.setAttribute( "user" , "zhangsan" );
th:text= "${session.user}"
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三、可以使用dates,numbers,strings,objects,arrays,lists,sets,maps等内置方法
standardExpression.html
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<!--
一、strings:字符串格式化方法,常用的Java方法它都有。比如:equals,equalsIgnoreCase,length,trim,toUpperCase,toLowerCase,indexOf,substring,replace,startsWith,endsWith,contains,containsIgnoreCase等
二、numbers:数值格式化方法,常用的方法有:formatDecimal等
三、bools:布尔方法,常用的方法有:isTrue,isFalse等
四、arrays:数组方法,常用的方法有:toArray,length,isEmpty,contains,containsAll等
五、lists,sets:集合方法,常用的方法有:toList,size,isEmpty,contains,containsAll,sort等
六、maps:对象方法,常用的方法有:size,isEmpty,containsKey,containsValue等
七、dates:日期方法,常用的方法有:format,year,month,hour,createNow等
-->
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang= "en" xmlns:th= "http://www.thymeleaf.org" >
<head>
<meta charset= "UTF-8" >
<title>thymeleaf内置方法</title>
</head>
<body>
<h3> #strings </h3>
<div th: if = "${not #strings.isEmpty(Str)}" >
<p>Old Str : <span th:text= "${Str}" /></p>
<p>toUpperCase : <span th:text= "${#strings.toUpperCase(Str)}" /></p>
<p>toLowerCase : <span th:text= "${#strings.toLowerCase(Str)}" /></p>
<p>equals : <span th:text= "${#strings.equals(Str, 'blog')}" /></p>
<p>equalsIgnoreCase : <span th:text= "${#strings.equalsIgnoreCase(Str, 'blog')}" /></p>
<p>indexOf : <span th:text= "${#strings.indexOf(Str, 'r')}" /></p>
<p>substring : <span th:text= "${#strings.substring(Str, 2, 4)}" /></p>
<p>replace : <span th:text= "${#strings.replace(Str, 'it', 'IT')}" /></p>
<p>startsWith : <span th:text= "${#strings.startsWith(Str, 'it')}" /></p>
<p>contains : <span th:text= "${#strings.contains(Str, 'IT')}" /></p>
</div>
<h3> #numbers </h3>
<div>
<p>formatDecimal 整数部分随意,小数点后保留两位,四舍五入: <span th:text= "${#numbers.formatDecimal(Num, 0, 2)}" /></p>
<p>formatDecimal 整数部分保留五位数,小数点后保留两位,四舍五入: <span th:text= "${#numbers.formatDecimal(Num, 5, 2)}" /></p>
</div>
<h3> #bools </h3>
<div th: if = "${#bools.isTrue(Bool)}" >
<p th:text= "${Bool}" ></p>
</div>
<h3> #arrays </h3>
<div th: if = "${not #arrays.isEmpty(Array)}" >
<p>length : <span th:text= "${#arrays.length(Array)}" /></p>
<p>contains : <span th:text= "${#arrays.contains(Array,2)}" /></p>
<p>containsAll : <span th:text= "${#arrays.containsAll(Array, Array)}" /></p>
</div>
<h3> #lists </h3>
<div th: if = "${not #lists.isEmpty(List)}" >
<p>size : <span th:text= "${#lists.size(List)}" /></p>
<p>contains : <span th:text= "${#lists.contains(List, 0)}" /></p>
<p>sort : <span th:text= "${#lists.sort(List)}" /></p>
</div>
<h3> #maps </h3>
<div th: if = "${not #maps.isEmpty(hashMap)}" >
<p>size : <span th:text= "${#maps.size(hashMap)}" /></p>
<p>containsKey : <span th:text= "${#maps.containsKey(hashMap, 'thName')}" /></p>
<p>containsValue : <span th:text= "${#maps.containsValue(hashMap, '#maps')}" /></p>
</div>
<h3> #dates </h3>
<div>
<p>format : <span th:text= "${#dates.format(Date)}" /></p>
<p>custom format : <span th:text= "${#dates.format(Date, 'yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss')}" /></p>
<p>day : <span th:text= "${#dates.day(Date)}" /></p>
<p>month : <span th:text= "${#dates.month(Date)}" /></p>
<p>monthName : <span th:text= "${#dates.monthName(Date)}" /></p>
<p>year : <span th:text= "${#dates.year(Date)}" /></p>
<p>dayOfWeekName : <span th:text= "${#dates.dayOfWeekName(Date)}" /></p>
<p>hour : <span th:text= "${#dates.hour(Date)}" /></p>
<p>minute : <span th:text= "${#dates.minute(Date)}" /></p>
<p>second : <span th:text= "${#dates.second(Date)}" /></p>
<p>createNow : <span th:text= "${#dates.createNow()}" /></p>
</div>
</body>
</html>
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ThymeleafController.java
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@RequestMapping ( "standardExpression" )
public String standardExpression(ModelMap map){
map.put( "Str" , "Blog" );
map.put( "Bool" , true );
map.put( "Array" , new Integer[]{ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 });
map.put( "List" , Arrays.asList( 1 , 3 , 2 , 4 , 0 ));
Map hashMap = new HashMap();
hashMap.put( "thName" , "${#...}" );
hashMap.put( "desc" , "变量表达式内置方法" );
map.put( "Map" , hashMap);
map.put( "Date" , new Date());
map.put( "Num" , 888 .888D);
return "standardExpression" ;
}
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@{...} 链接表达式,Link URL Expressions
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<!--
不管是静态资源的引用,form表单的请求,凡是链接都可以用@{...} 。这样可以动态获取项目路径,即便项目名变了,依然可以正常访问
链接表达式结构
无参:@{/xxx}
有参:@{/xxx(k1=v1,k2=v2)} 对应url结构:xxx?k1=v1&k2=v2
引入本地资源:@{/项目本地的资源路径}
引入外部资源:@{/webjars/资源在jar包中的路径}
-->
<link th:href= "@{/webjars/bootstrap/4.0.0/css/bootstrap.css}" rel= "external nofollow" rel= "stylesheet" >
<link th:href= "@{/main/css/123.css}" rel= "external nofollow" rel= "stylesheet" >
<form class = "form-login" th:action= "@{/user/login}" th:method= "post" >
<a class = "btn btn-sm" th:href= "@{/login.html(l='zh_CN')}" rel= "external nofollow" >中文</a>
<a class = "btn btn-sm" th:href= "@{/login.html(l='en_US')}" rel= "external nofollow" >English</a>
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#{...} 消息表达式,Message Expressions
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<!--
消息表达式一般用于国际化的场景。结构:th:text= "#{msg}"
-->
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~{...} 代码块表达式,Fragment Expressions
fragment.html
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<!--
支持两种语法结构
推荐:~{templatename::fragmentname}
支持:~{templatename:: #id}
templatename:模版名,Thymeleaf会根据模版名解析完整路:/resources/templates/templatename.html,要注意文件的路径。
fragmentname:片段名,Thymeleaf通过th:fragment声明定义代码块,即:th:fragment= "fragmentname"
id:HTML的id选择器,使用时要在前面加上 #号,不支持class选择器。
代码块表达式的使用
代码块表达式需要配合th属性(th:insert,th:replace,th:include)一起使用。
th:insert:将代码块片段整个插入到使用了th:insert的HTML标签中,
th:replace:将代码块片段整个替换使用了th:replace的HTML标签中,
th:include:将代码块片段包含的内容插入到使用了th:include的HTML标签中,
-->
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang= "en" xmlns:th= "http://www.thymeleaf.org" >
<head>
<meta charset= "UTF-8" >
<title>Title</title>
</head>
<body>
<!--th:fragment定义代码块标识-->
<footer th:fragment= "copy" >
2019 The Good Thymes Virtual Grocery
</footer>
<!--三种不同的引入方式-->
<div th:insert= "fragment::copy" ></div>
<div th:replace= "fragment::copy" ></div>
<div th:include= "fragment::copy" ></div>
<!--th:insert是在div中插入代码块,即多了一层div-->
<div>
<footer>
© 2011 The Good Thymes Virtual Grocery
</footer>
</div>
<!--th:replace是将代码块代替当前div,其html结构和之前一致-->
<footer>
© 2011 The Good Thymes Virtual Grocery
</footer>
<!--th:include是将代码块footer的内容插入到div中,即少了一层footer-->
<div>
© 2011 The Good Thymes Virtual Grocery
</div>
</body>
</html>
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5、国际化的配置
在很多应用场景下,我们需要实现页面的国际化,springboot对国际化有很好的支持, 下面来演示对应的效果。
1、在idea中设置统一的编码格式,file->settings->Editors->File Encoding,选择编码格式为utf-8
2、在resources资源文件下创建一个i8n的目录,创建一个login.properties的文件,还有login_zh_CN.properties,idea会自动识别国际化操作
3、创建三个不同的文件,名称分别是:login.properties,login_en_US.properties,login_zh_CN.properties
内容如下:
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#login.properties
login.password=密码 1
login.remmber=记住我 1
login.sign=登录 1
login.username=用户名 1
#login_en_US.properties
login.password=Password
login.remmber=Remember Me
login.sign=Sign In
login.username=Username
#login_zh_CN.properties
login.password=密码~
login.remmber=记住我~
login.sign=登录~
login.username=用户名~
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4、配置国际化的资源路径
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spring:
messages:
basename: i18n/login
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5、编写html页面
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初始html页面
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang= "en" xmlns:th= "http://www.thymeleaf.org" >
<head>
<meta charset= "UTF-8" />
<title>Title</title>
</head>
<body>
<form action= "" method= "post" >
<label >Username</label>
<input type= "text" name= "username" placeholder= "Username" >
<label >Password</label>
<input type= "password" name= "password" placeholder= "Password" >
<br> <br>
<div>
<label>
<input type= "checkbox" value= "remember-me" /> Remember Me
</label>
</div>
<br>
<button type= "submit" >Sign in </button>
<br> <br>
<a>中文</a>
<a>English</a>
</form>
</body>
</html>
修改后的页面
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang= "en" xmlns:th= "http://www.thymeleaf.org" >
<head>
<meta charset= "UTF-8" />
<title>Title</title>
</head>
<body>
<form action= "" method= "post" >
<label th:text= "#{login.username}" >Username</label>
<input type= "text" name= "username" placeholder= "Username" th:placeholder= "#{login.username}" >
<label th:text= "#{login.password}" >Password</label>
<input type= "password" name= "password" placeholder= "Password" th:placeholder= "#{login.password}" >
<br> <br>
<div>
<label>
<input type= "checkbox" value= "remember-me" /> [[ #{login.remmber}]]
</label>
</div>
<br>
<button type= "submit" th:text= "#{login.sign}" >Sign in </button>
<br> <br>
<a>中文</a>
<a>English</a>
</form>
</body>
</html>
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可以看到通过浏览器的切换语言已经能够实现,想要通过超链接实现的话,如下所示:
添加WebMVCConfig.java代码
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import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
import org.springframework.util.StringUtils;
import org.springframework.web.servlet.LocaleResolver;
import org.springframework.web.servlet.config.annotation.ViewControllerRegistry;
import org.springframework.web.servlet.config.annotation.WebMvcConfigurer;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.util.Locale;
@Configuration
public class WebMVCConfig implements WebMvcConfigurer {
@Override
public void addViewControllers(ViewControllerRegistry registry) {
registry.addViewController( "/" ).setViewName( "login" );
registry.addViewController( "/login.html" ).setViewName( "login" );
}
@Bean
public LocaleResolver localeResolver(){
return new NativeLocaleResolver();
}
protected static class NativeLocaleResolver implements LocaleResolver{
@Override
public Locale resolveLocale(HttpServletRequest request) {
String language = request.getParameter( "language" );
Locale locale = Locale.getDefault();
if (!StringUtils.isEmpty(language)){
String[] split = language.split( "_" );
locale = new Locale(split[ 0 ],split[ 1 ]);
}
return locale;
}
@Override
public void setLocale(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response, Locale locale) {
}
}
}
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login.html页面修改为:
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<!DOCTYPE html>
< html lang = "en" xmlns:th = "http://www.thymeleaf.org" >
< head >
< meta charset = "UTF-8" />
< title >Title</ title >
</ head >
< body >
< form action = "" method = "post" >
< label th:text = "#{login.username}" >Username</ label >
< input type = "text" name = "username" placeholder = "Username" th:placeholder = "#{login.username}" >
< label th:text = "#{login.password}" >Password</ label >
< input type = "password" name = "password" placeholder = "Password" th:placeholder = "#{login.password}" >
< br > < br >
< div >
< label >
< input type = "checkbox" value = "remember-me" /> [[#{login.remmber}]]
</ label >
</ div >
< br >
< button type = "submit" th:text = "#{login.sign}" >Sign in</ button >
< br > < br >
< a th:href = "@{/login.html(language='zh_CN')}" rel = "external nofollow" >中文</ a >
< a th:href = "@{/login.html(language='en_US')}" rel = "external nofollow" >English</ a >
</ form >
</ body >
</ html >
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国际化的源码解释:
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//MessageSourceAutoConfiguration
public class MessageSourceAutoConfiguration {
private static final Resource[] NO_RESOURCES = new Resource[ 0 ];
public MessageSourceAutoConfiguration() {
}
@Bean
@ConfigurationProperties (prefix = "spring.messages" ) //我们的配置文件可以直接放在类路径下叫: messages.properties, 就可以进行国际化操作了
public MessageSourceProperties messageSourceProperties() {
return new MessageSourceProperties();
}
@Bean
public MessageSource messageSource(MessageSourceProperties properties) {
ResourceBundleMessageSource messageSource = new ResourceBundleMessageSource();
if (StringUtils.hasText(properties.getBasename())) {
//设置国际化文件的基础名(去掉语言国家代码的)
messageSource.setBasenames(StringUtils.commaDelimitedListToStringArray(StringUtils.trimAllWhitespace(properties.getBasename())));
}
if (properties.getEncoding() != null ) {
messageSource.setDefaultEncoding(properties.getEncoding().name());
}
messageSource.setFallbackToSystemLocale(properties.isFallbackToSystemLocale());
Duration cacheDuration = properties.getCacheDuration();
if (cacheDuration != null ) {
messageSource.setCacheMillis(cacheDuration.toMillis());
}
messageSource.setAlwaysUseMessageFormat(properties.isAlwaysUseMessageFormat());
messageSource.setUseCodeAsDefaultMessage(properties.isUseCodeAsDefaultMessage());
return messageSource;
}
}
//WebMvcAutoConfiguration
@Bean
@ConditionalOnMissingBean
@ConditionalOnProperty (prefix = "spring.mvc" , name = "locale" )
public LocaleResolver localeResolver() {
if ( this .mvcProperties.getLocaleResolver() == WebMvcProperties.LocaleResolver.FIXED) {
return new FixedLocaleResolver( this .mvcProperties.getLocale());
}
AcceptHeaderLocaleResolver localeResolver = new AcceptHeaderLocaleResolver();
localeResolver.setDefaultLocale( this .mvcProperties.getLocale());
return localeResolver;
}
//AcceptHeaderLocaleResolver
@Override
public Locale resolveLocale(HttpServletRequest request) {
Locale defaultLocale = getDefaultLocale();
if (defaultLocale != null && request.getHeader( "Accept-Language" ) == null ) {
return defaultLocale;
}
Locale requestLocale = request.getLocale();
List<Locale> supportedLocales = getSupportedLocales();
if (supportedLocales.isEmpty() || supportedLocales.contains(requestLocale)) {
return requestLocale;
}
Locale supportedLocale = findSupportedLocale(request, supportedLocales);
if (supportedLocale != null ) {
return supportedLocale;
}
return (defaultLocale != null ? defaultLocale : requestLocale);
}
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原文链接:https://www.cnblogs.com/zhangyibing/p/13951989.html#4832895