背景：
aliyun上的rds数据库快满了，于是删除了某个备份的表
后面大boss说是有用的表，需要恢复回来，阿里云有7天内的物理全量备份(通过percona-xtrabackup备份的)
第一时间应该延长备份时间(默认保留7天，可以配置15天或更长避免在恢复过程中被阿里云的rds删除)
准备：
数据库大概有700G左右，物理备份文件100G左右，恢复回来需要占用大概1多T的空间，于是在现有同样区域的ecs上挂载一块2T的磁盘用来做恢复
整体的过程是：
在相同地域的ecs安装好mysql，恢复到上面，然后拷贝到生产环境中
其实有更简单的方法，直接可以通过恢复克隆实例恢复数据(需要新购买实例，数据恢复到这个新的实例中)
主要的时间用在了如下几块，建议在screen下进行，否则中途shell连接断开就会浪费不少时间：
1.备份文件的下载基本10M/s，100G用了几个小时
2.通过阿里的sh脚本解压(100G左右用了差不多至少6个小时)
3.通过perconna-xtrabackup恢复估计在6个小时左右
具体步骤：
1.找到阿里云提供的备份内网下载地址:
# -c是支持断点续传
wget -c 'http://rdsbak-hzi-v2.oss-cn-hangzhou-i-internal.aliyuncs.com/custins758461/hins3305619_data_20171109075610.tar.gz?OSSAccessKeyId=xxx' -O hins3305619_data_20171109075610.tar.gz
2.在目标ecs上安装mysql5.6
①添加用户
groupadd mysql
useradd -r -g mysql mysql
②编译安装mysql5.6.16(保持和阿里云的rds一致，避免出错)
wget http://dev.mysql.com/get/Downloads/MySQL-5.6/mysql-5.6.16.tar.gz
tar -zxvf mysql-5.6.16.tar.gz
cd mysql-5.6.16
mkdir -p /app/data/mydata
cmake . -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=/usr/local/mysql -DMYSQL_DATADIR=/app/data/mydata -DSYSCONFDIR=/etc -DWITH_INNOBASE_STORAGE_ENGINE=1 -DWITH_MYISAM_STORAGE_ENGINE=1 -DWITH_ARCHIVE_STORAGE_ENGINE=1 -DWITH_PARTITION_STORAGE_ENGINE=1 -DWITH_BLACKHOLE_STORAGE_ENGINE=1 -DWITH_READLINE=1 -DWITH_SSL=system -DWITH_ZLIB=system -DMYSQL_UNIX_ADDR=/tmp/mysql.sock -DMYSQL_TCP_PORT=3306 -DENABLED_LOCAL_INFILE=1 -DEXTRA_CHARSETS=all -DDEFAULT_CHARSET=utf8 -DWITH_LIBWRAP=0 -DDEFAULT_COLLATION=utf8_general_ci
make && make install
chown -R mysql.mysql /usr/local/mysql
chown -R mysql.mysql /app/data/mydata
cd /usr/local/mysql
scripts/mysql_install_db --user=mysql --basedir=/usr/local/mysql --datadir=/app/data/mydata
cp support-files/mysql.server /etc/rc.d/init.d/mysqld
cp support-files/my-default.cnf /etc/my.cnf
mkdir /data/binlogs
chown -R mysql.mysql /app/data/
chmod +x /etc/init.d/mysqld
# 开机启动
chkconfig --add mysqld
chkconfig mysqld on
# vim /etc/my.cnf
[client]
port = 3306
socket = /tmp/mysql.sock
default-character-set = utf8
[mysqld]
port = 3306
innodb_file_per_table = 1
init-connect = 'SET NAMES utf8mb4'
character-set-server = utf8mb4
default_storage_engine = InnoDB
skip-name-resolve
skip-external-locking
datadir = /app/data/mydata
log-bin=/app/data/binlogs/master-bin
binlog_format=row
socket=/tmp/mysql.sock
interactive_timeout = 28800
wait_timeout = 28800
sql_mode=NO_ENGINE_SUBSTITUTION,STRICT_TRANS_TABLES
[mysqldump]
quick
max_allowed_packet = 16M
[myisamchk]
key_buffer_size = 8M
sort_buffer_size = 8M
read_buffer = 4M
write_buffer = 4M
3.将下载的文件解压(100G的时间用了差不多6个小时)
# bash rds_backup_extract.sh -f hins3305619_data_20171109075610.tar.gz -C /app/data/scriptdb
通过上图，可以很明显的看出，RDS是通过percona-Xtrabackup进行全量备份的
4.将解压的文件恢复到本地
# 经过测试percona-xtrabackup-24-2.4.4-1.el6.x86_64这个比较新的版本不适用mysql5.6的恢复
# yum localinstall -y percona-xtrabackup-2.2.9-5067.el6.x86_64_rds_5.6_ok.rpm
[root@iZ23bqedx3fZ scriptdb]# /etc/init.d/mysqld restart
Shutting down MySQL. [ OK ]
Starting MySQL... [ OK ]
[root@iZ23bqedx3fZ scriptdb]# ps -ef|grep mysql
root 17459 1 0 08:51 pts/13 00:00:00 /bin/sh /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqld_safe --datadir=/app/data/mydata --pid-file=/app/data/mydata/iZ23bqedx3fZ.pid
mysql 17760 17459 33 08:51 pts/13 00:00:01 /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqld --basedir=/usr/local/mysql --datadir=/app/data/mydata --plugin-dir=/usr/local/mysql/lib/plugin --user=mysql --log-error=/app/data/mydata/iZ23bqedx3fZ.err --pid-file=/app/data/mydata/iZ23bqedx3fZ.pid --socket=/tmp/mysql.sock --port=3306
root 17801 19726 0 08:51 pts/13 00:00:00 grep mysql
chown -R mysql:mysql /app/data/scriptdb
# innobackupex --defaults-file=/app/data/scriptdb/backup-my.cnf --apply-log /app/data/scriptdb
xtrabackup: innodb_log_file_size = 1048576000
xtrabackup: Starting InnoDB instance for recovery.
xtrabackup: Using 104857600 bytes for buffer pool (set by --use-memory parameter)
InnoDB: Using atomics to ref count buffer pool pages
InnoDB: The InnoDB memory heap is disabled
InnoDB: Mutexes and rw_locks use GCC atomic builtins
InnoDB: Memory barrier is not used
InnoDB: Compressed tables use zlib 1.2.3
InnoDB: Using CPU crc32 instructions
InnoDB: Initializing buffer pool, size = 100.0M
InnoDB: Completed initialization of buffer pool
InnoDB: Setting log file ./ib_logfile101 size to 1000 MB
InnoDB: Progress in MB: 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
InnoDB: Setting log file ./ib_logfile1 size to 1000 MB
InnoDB: Progress in MB: 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
InnoDB: Renaming log file ./ib_logfile101 to ./ib_logfile0
InnoDB: New log files created, LSN=1574126930421
InnoDB: Highest supported file format is Barracuda.
InnoDB: 128 rollback segment(s) are active.
InnoDB: Waiting for purge to start
InnoDB: 5.6.22 started; log sequence number 1574126930444
[notice (again)]
If you use binary log and don't use any hack of group commit,
the binary log position seems to be:
InnoDB: Last MySQL binlog file position 0 183911920, file name mysql-bin.000324
# 若系统返回如下类似结果，则说明备份文件已成功恢复到本地数据库
xtrabackup: starting shutdown with innodb_fast_shutdown = 1
InnoDB: FTS optimize thread exiting.
InnoDB: Starting shutdown...
InnoDB: Shutdown completed; log sequence number 1574126933060
171117 12:55:58 innobackupex: completed OK!
注意：
一定要严格按照阿里云的帮助文档进行，期间参考了一篇非官方的博文，没有用percona-xtrabackup恢复直接使用mysql启动，发现无法启动再次使用percona-xtrabackup的时候发现报错，是因为之前启动的时候产生了一些没用的日志，检测不通过删除即可
如下：
InnoDB: Log file ./ib_logfile1 is of different size 50331648 bytes than other log files 3447439360 b
移除掉 ib_logfile1文件即可
为避免版本问题，需修改backup-my.cnf参数，具体操作步骤如下。
执行如下命令，以文本方式编辑backup-my.cnf文件。
vim /app/data/scriptdb/backup-my.cnf
执行如下命令，注释掉如下参数。
#innodb_fast_checksum
#innodb_page_size
#innodb_log_block_size
[root@iZ23bqedx3fZ scriptdb]# cat /app/data/scriptdb/backup-my.cnf
# This MySQL options file was generated by innobackupex.
# The MySQL server
[mysqld]
innodb_checksum_algorithm=innodb
#innodb_log_checksum_algorithm=innodb
innodb_data_file_path=ibdata1:200M:autoextend
innodb_log_files_in_group=2
innodb_log_file_size=1048576000
#innodb_fast_checksum=false
#innodb_page_size=16384
#innodb_log_block_size=512
innodb_undo_directory=.
innodb_undo_tablespaces=0
explicit_defaults_for_timestamp=true
#rds_encrypt_data=false
#innodb_encrypt_algorithm=aes_128_ecb
执行如下命令，修改文件属主，并确定文件所属为MySQL用户。
chown -R mysql:mysql /app/data/scriptdb
执行如下命令，启动MySQL进程。
/usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqld_safe --defaults-file=/app/data/scriptdb/backup-my.cnf --user=mysql --datadir=/app/data/scriptdb --socket=/tmp/mysql.sock --port=3306 &
执行如下命令，登录MySQL数据库以验证进程启动成功。
[root@iZ23bqedx3fZ scriptdb]# ps -ef|grep mysql
root 17459 1 0 08:51 pts/13 00:00:00 /bin/sh /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqld_safe --datadir=/app/data/mydata --pid-file=/app/data/mydata/iZ23bqedx3fZ.pid
mysql 17760 17459 0 08:51 pts/13 00:00:05 /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqld --basedir=/usr/local/mysql --datadir=/app/data/mydata --plugin-dir=/usr/local/mysql/lib/plugin --user=mysql --log-error=/app/data/mydata/iZ23bqedx3fZ.err --pid-file=/app/data/mydata/iZ23bqedx3fZ.pid --socket=/tmp/mysql.sock --port=3306
root 23806 19726 0 13:34 pts/13 00:00:00 grep mysql
启动mysql显示警告：
171117 13:40:51 mysqld_safe Starting mysqld daemon with databases from /app/data/scriptdb
2017-11-17 13:40:51 0 [Warning] TIMESTAMP with implicit DEFAULT value is deprecated. Please use --explicit_defaults_for_timestamp server option (see documentation for more details).
解决：
[mysqld]
explicit_defaults_for_timestamp=true
报错类似的：
2017-11-17 13:43:17 26048 [ERROR] /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqld: unknown variable 'innodb_encrypt_algorithm=aes_128_ecb'
2017-11-17 13:43:17 26048 [ERROR] Aborting
注释掉一些rds的参数即可
[root@iZ23bqedx3fZ scriptdb]# cat backup-my.cnf
# This MySQL options file was generated by innobackupex.
# The MySQL server
[mysqld]
innodb_checksum_algorithm=innodb
#innodb_log_checksum_algorithm=innodb
innodb_data_file_path=ibdata1:200M:autoextend
innodb_log_files_in_group=2
innodb_log_file_size=1048576000
#innodb_fast_checksum=false
#innodb_page_size=16384
#innodb_log_block_size=512
innodb_undo_directory=.
innodb_undo_tablespaces=0
explicit_defaults_for_timestamp=true
#rds_encrypt_data=false
#innodb_encrypt_algorithm=aes_128_ecb
启动成功后的进程：
[root@iZ23bqedx3fZ scriptdb]# ps -ef|grep mysql
root 26205 23288 0 13:44 pts/6 00:00:00 /bin/sh /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqld_safe --defaults-file=/app/data/scriptdb/backup-my.cnf --user=mysql --datadir=/app/data/scriptdb --socket=/tmp/mysql.sock --port=3306
mysql 26409 26205 8 13:44 pts/6 00:00:01 /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqld --defaults-file=/app/data/scriptdb/backup-my.cnf --basedir=/usr/local/mysql --datadir=/app/data/scriptdb --plugin-dir=/usr/local/mysql/lib/plugin --user=mysql --log-error=/app/data/scriptdb/iZ23bqedx3fZ.err --pid-file=/app/data/scriptdb/iZ23bqedx3fZ.pid --socket=/tmp/mysql.sock --port=3306
root 26435 23288 0 13:44 pts/6 00:00:00 grep mysql
至此数据恢复就告一段落，我们就可以像操作普通的数据库一样操作了
参考操作文档：
https://help.aliyun.com/knowledge_detail/41817.html