为什么使用Python
假设我们有这么一项任务:简单测试局域网中的电脑是否连通.这些电脑的ip范围从192.168.0.101到192.168.0.200.
思路:用shell编程.(Linux通常是bash而Windows是批处理脚本).例如,在Windows上用ping ip 的命令依次测试各个机器并得到控制台输出.由于ping通的时候控制台文本通常是"Reply from … " 而不通的时候文本是"time out … " ,所以,在结果中进行字符串查找,即可知道该机器是否连通.
实现:Java代码如下:
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String cmd= "cmd.exe ping " ;
String ipprefix= "192.168.10." ; int begin= 101 ; int end= 200 ;
Process p= null ; for ( int i=begin;i<end;i++){
p= Runtime.getRuntime().exec(cmd+i);
String line = null ;
BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader( new InputStreamReader(p.getInputStream()));
while ((line = reader.readLine()) != null )
{
//Handling line , may logs it. }
reader.close();
p.destroy();
}
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这段代码运行得很好,问题是为了运行这段代码,你还需要做一些额外的工作.这些额外的工作包括:
- 编写一个类文件
- 编写一个main方法
- 将之编译成字节代码
- 由于字节代码不能直接运行,你需要再写个小小的bat或者bash脚本来运行.
当然,用C/C++同样能完成这项工作.但C/C++不是跨平台语言.在这个足够简单的例子中也许看不出C/C++和Java实现的区别,但在一些更为复杂的场景,比如要将连通与否的信息记录到网络数据库.由于Linux和Windows的网络接口实现方式不同,你不得不写两个函数的版本.用Java就没有这样的顾虑.
同样的工作用Python实现如下:
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import subprocess
cmd = "cmd.exe" begin = 101 end = 200 while begin<end:
p = subprocess.Popen(cmd,shell = True ,stdout = subprocess.PIPE,
stdin = subprocess.PIPE,
stderr = subprocess.PIPE)
p.stdin.write( "ping 192.168.1." + str (begin) + "\n" )
p.stdin.close()
p.wait()
print "execution result: %s" % p.stdout.read()
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对比Java,Python的实现更为简洁,你编写的时间更快.你不需要写main函数,并且这个程序保存之后可以直接运行.另外,和Java一样,Python也是跨平台的.
有经验的C/Java程序员可能会争论说用C/Java写会比Python写得快.这个观点见仁见智.我的想法是当你同时掌握Java和Python之后,你会发现用Python写这类程序的速度会比Java快上许多.例如操作本地文件时你仅需要一行代码而不需要Java的许多流包装类.各种语言有其天然的适合的应用范围.用Python处理一些简短程序类似与操作系统的交互编程工作最省时省力.
Python应用场合
足够简单的任务,例如一些shell编程.如果你喜欢用Python设计大型商业网站或者设计复杂的游戏,悉听尊便.
Hello world
安装完Python之后(我本机的版本是2.5.4),打开IDLE(Python GUI) , 该程序是Python语言解释器,你写的语句能够立即运行.我们写下一句著名的程序语句:
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print "Hello,world!"
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并按回车.你就能看到这句被K&R引入到程序世界的名言.
在解释器中选择"File"–“New Window” 或快捷键 Ctrl+N , 打开一个新的编辑器.写下如下语句:
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print "Hello,world!"
raw_input ( "Press enter key to close this window! " );
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保存为a.py文件.按F5,你就可以看到程序的运行结果了.这是Python的第二种运行方式.
找到你保存的a.py文件,双击.也可以看到程序结果.Python的程序能够直接运行,对比Java,这是一个优势.
国际化支持
我们换一种方式来问候世界.新建一个编辑器并写如下代码:
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print "欢迎来到奥运中国!"
raw_input ( "Press enter key to close this window!" );
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在你保存代码的时候,Python会提示你是否改变文件的字符集,结果如下:
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# -*- coding: cp936 -*-
print "欢迎来到奥运中国!"
raw_input ( "Press enter key to close this window! " );
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将该字符集改为我们更熟悉的形式:
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# -*- coding: GBK -*-
print "欢迎来到奥运中国!" # 使用中文的例子
raw_input ( "Press enter key to close this window" );
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程序一样运行良好.
便易用的计算器
用微软附带的计算器来计数实在太麻烦了.打开Python解释器,直接进行计算:
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a = 100.0
b = 201.1
c = 2343
print (a + b + c) / c
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字符串,ASCII和UNICODE
可以如下打印出预定义输出格式的字符串:
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print """ Usage: thingy [OPTIONS]
-h Display this usage message
-H hostname Hostname to connect to """
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字符串是怎么访问的?请看这个例子:
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word = "abcdefg" a = word[ 2 ]
print "a is: " + a
b = word[ 1 : 3 ]
print "b is: " + b # index 1 and 2 elements of word.
c = word[: 2 ]
print "c is: " + c # index 0 and 1 elements of word.
d = word[ 0 :]
print "d is: " + d # All elements of word.
e = word[: 2 ] + word[ 2 :]
print "e is: " + e # All elements of word.
f = word[ - 1 ]
print "f is: " + f # The last elements of word.
g = word[ - 4 : - 2 ]
print "g is: " + g # index 3 and 4 elements of word.
h = word[ - 2 :]
print "h is: " + h # The last two elements.
i = word[: - 2 ]
print "i is: " + i # Everything except the last two characters
l = len (word)
print "Length of word is: " + str (l)
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请注意ASCII和UNICODE字符串的区别:
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print "Input your Chinese name:" s = raw_input ( "Press enter to be continued " );
print "Your name is : " + s;
l = len (s)
print "Length of your Chinese name in asc codes is:" + str (l);
a = unicode (s, "GBK" )
l = len (a)
print "I'm sorry we should use unicode char!Characters number of your Chinese \ name in unicode is:" + str (l);
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使用List
类似Java里的List,这是一种方便易用的数据类型:
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word = [ 'a' , 'b' , 'c' , 'd' , 'e' , 'f' , 'g' ]
a = word[ 2 ]
print "a is: " + a
b = word[ 1 : 3 ]
print "b is: " print b # index1 and 2 elements of word.
c = word[: 2 ]
print "c is: " print c # index0 and 1 elements of word.
d = word[ 0 :]
print "d is: " print d # All elements of word.
e = word[: 2 ] + word[ 2 :]
print "e is: " print e # All elements of word.
f = word[ - 1 ]
print "f is: " print f # The last elements of word.
g = word[ - 4 : - 2 ]
print "g is: " print g # index3 and 4 elements of word.
h = word[ - 2 :]
print "h is: " print h # The last two elements.
i = word[: - 2 ]
print "i is: " print i # Everything except the last two characters
l = len (word)
print "Length of word is: " + str (l)
print "Adds new element[图片上传中...(image-b4ced-1616074265420-0)] " word.append( 'h' )
print word
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条件和循环语句
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# Multi-way decision
x = int ( raw_input ( "Please enter an integer:" )) if x< 0 :
x = 0 print "Negative changed to zero" elif x = = 0 :
print "Zero" else :
print "More" # Loops List
a = [ 'cat' , 'window' , 'defenestrate' ] for x ina:
print x, len (x)
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如何定义函数
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# Define and invoke function.
def sum (a,b):
return a + b
func = sum
r = func( 5 , 6 )
print r
# Defines function with default argument
def add(a,b = 2 ):
return a + b
r = add( 1 )
print r
r = add( 1 , 5 )
print r
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并且,介绍一个方便好用的函数:
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# The range() function
a = range ( 5 , 10 )
print a
a = range ( - 2 , - 7 )
print a
a = range ( - 7 , - 2 )
print a
a = range ( - 2 , - 11 , - 3 ) # The 3rd parameter stands for step
print a
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文件I/O
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spath = "D:/download/baa.txt" f = open (spath, "w" ) # Opens file for writing.Creates this file doesn't exist. f.write("First line 1.\n")
f.writelines( "First line 2." )
f.close()
f = open (spath, "r" ) # Opens file forreading for line in f:
print line
f.close()
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异常处理
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s = raw_input ( "Input your age:" ) if s = = "":
raise Exception( "Input must no be empty." ) try :
i = int (s)
except ValueError:
print "Could not convert data to an integer." except :
print "Unknown exception!" else : # It is useful for code that must be executed if the try clause does not raise an exception
print "You are %d" % i, " years old" finally : # Clean up action
print "Goodbye!"
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类和继承
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class Base:
def __init__( self ):
self .data = []
def add( self , x):
self .data.append(x)
def addtwice( self , x):
self .add(x)
self .add(x)
# Child extends Base class Child(Base):
def plus( self ,a,b):
return a + b
oChild = Child()
oChild.add( "str1" )
print oChild.data
print oChild.plus( 2 , 3 )
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包机制
每一个.py文件称为一个module,module之间可以互相导入.请参看以下例子:
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# a.py
def add_func(a,b):
return a + b
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# b.py
from a import add_func # Also can be : import a
print "Import add_func from module a"
print "Result of 1 plus 2 is: " print add_func( 1 , 2 ) # If using "import a" , then here should be "a.add_func"
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module可以定义在包里面.Python定义包的方式稍微有点古怪,假设我们有一个parent文件夹,该文件夹有一个child子文件夹.child中有一个module a.py . 如何让Python知道这个文件层次结构?很简单,每个目录都放一个名为_init_.py 的文件.该文件内容可以为空.这个层次结构如下所示:
parent
--__init_.py
--child
-- __init_.py
--a.pyb.py
那么Python如何找到我们定义的module?在标准包sys中,path属性记录了Python的包路径.你可以将之打印出来:
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import sys
print sys.path
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通常我们可以将module的包路径放到环境变量PYTHONPATH中,该环境变量会自动添加到sys.path属性.另一种方便的方法是编程中直接指定我们的module路径到sys.path 中:
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import sys
sys.path.append( 'D:\\download' )
from parent.child.a import add_func
print sys.path
print "Import add_func from module a" print "Result of 1 plus 2 is: " print add_func( 1 , 2 )
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总结
这个教程很简单,其中包含了很多Python的特性在代码中显露出来,这些特性包括Python是不需要显式声明数据类型,关键字说明,字符串函数的解释等等.通过这个文章可以尽快熟悉Python,然后尽快能用它开始编程
原文链接:https://blog.csdn.net/chenchen5152/article/details/117928876