从零搭建和配置OSX开发环境

时间:2021-09-12 10:19:02

对于每一名开发者来说,更换系统或者更换电脑的时候,都免不了花上不短的时间去折腾开 发环境的问题。我本人也是三番两次,深知这个过程的繁琐。所有,根据我自己以往的经验, 以及参考一下他人的意见,整理一下关于在Mac下做各种开发的配置,包含Java, Ruby, Vim, git, 数据库等等。欢迎补充与修正。

Terminal篇

这篇文章包含配置控制台环境,包括包管理工具, zsh, Vim, git的安装配置。

Homebrew, 你不能错过的包管理工具

包管理工具已经成为现在操作系统中不可缺少的一个重要工具了,它能大大减轻软件安装的 负担,节约我们的时间。Linux中常用的有yumapt-get工具,甚至Windows平台也 有Chocolatey这样优秀的工具,OSX平台自然有它独有的工具。

在OSX中,有两款大家常用的管理工具:Homebrew或者MacPorts。这两款工具都是为了解决同 样的问题——为OSX安装常用库和工具。Homebrew与MacPorts的主要区别是Homebrew不会破坏OSX 原生的环境,这也是我推荐Homebrew的主要原因。同时它安装的所有文件都是在用户独立空间内 的,这让你安装的所有软件对于该用户来说都是可以访问的,不需要使用sudo命令。

在安装Homebrew前,你需要前往AppStore下载并安装Xcode.

安装方式:

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# OSX系统基本上都自带Ruby1.9
# 所以无需先安装Ruby,但是之后我们需要管理Ruby
ruby -e "$(curl -fsSL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Homebrew/install/master/install)"

Homebrew常用命令:

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brew list                 # 查看已经安装的包
brew update # 更新Homebrew自身
brew doctor # 诊断关于Homebrew的问题(Homebrew 有问题时请用它)
brew cleanup # 清理老版本软件包或者无用的文件
brew show ${formula} # 查看包信息
brew search ${formula} # 按名称搜索
brew upgrade ${formula} # 升级软件包
brew install ${formula} # 按名称安装
brew uninstall ${formula} # 按名称卸载
brew pin/unpin ${formula} # 锁定或者解锁软件包版本,防止误升级

zsh,好用的shell

Shell程序就是Linux/UNIX系统中的一层外壳,几乎所有的应用程序都可以运行在Shell环境 下,常用的有bash, csh, zcsh等。在/etc/shells文件中可以查看系统中的各种shell。

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cat /etc/shells

# List of acceptable shells for chpass(1).
# Ftpd will not allow users to connect who are not using
# one of these shells. /bin/bash
/bin/csh
/bin/ksh
/bin/sh
/bin/tcsh
/bin/zsh

而zsh是OSX系统原生的shell之一,其功能强大,语法相对于bash更加友好和强大,所以推荐 使用zsh作为默认的shell。

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# 切换zsh为默认shell
chsh -s $(which zsh)

如果你想使用最新的zsh,你可以使用Homebrew,此方法也会保留原生的zsh,防止你在某个 时刻需要它。

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# 查看最新zsh信息
brew info zsh # 安装zsh
brew install --disable-etcdir zsh # 添加shell路径至/etc/shells文件中
# 将 /usr/local/bin/zsh 添加到下面文件中
sudo vim /etc/shells # 更换默认shell
chsh -s /usr/local/bin/zsh

下面贴上我的zsh配置以供参考

我的zsh配置 (zshrc)download

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# modify the prompt to contain git branch name if applicable
git_prompt_info() {
ref=$(git symbolic-ref HEAD 2> /dev/null)
if [[ -n $ref ]]; then
echo " %{$fg_bold[green]%}${ref#refs/heads/}%{$reset_color%}"
fi
}
setopt promptsubst
export PS1='${SSH_CONNECTION+"%{$fg_bold[green]%}%n@%m:"}%{$fg_bold[blue]%}%c%{$reset_color%}$(git_prompt_info) %# ' # load our own completion functions
fpath=(~/.zsh/completion $fpath) # completion
autoload -U compinit
compinit # load custom executable functions
for function in ~/.zsh/functions/*; do
source $function
done # makes color constants available
autoload -U colors
colors # enable colored output from ls, etc
export CLICOLOR=1 # history settings
setopt hist_ignore_all_dups inc_append_history
HISTFILE=~/.zhistory
HISTSIZE=4096
SAVEHIST=4096 # awesome cd movements from zshkit
setopt autocd autopushd pushdminus pushdsilent pushdtohome cdablevars
DIRSTACKSIZE=5 # Enable extended globbing
setopt extendedglob # Allow [ or ] whereever you want
unsetopt nomatch # vi mode
bindkey -v
bindkey "^F" vi-cmd-mode
bindkey jj vi-cmd-mode # handy keybindings
bindkey "^A" beginning-of-line
bindkey "^E" end-of-line
bindkey "^R" history-incremental-search-backward
bindkey "^P" history-search-backward
bindkey "^Y" accept-and-hold
bindkey "^N" insert-last-word
bindkey -s "^T" "^[Isudo ^[A" # "t" for "toughguy" # use vim as the visual editor
export VISUAL=vim
export EDITOR=$VISUAL # load rbenv if available
if which rbenv &>/dev/null ; then
eval "$(rbenv init - --no-rehash)"
fi # load thoughtbot/dotfiles scripts
export PATH="$HOME/.bin:$PATH" # mkdir .git/safe in the root of repositories you trust
export PATH=".git/safe/../../bin:$PATH" # aliases
[[ -f ~/.aliases ]] && source ~/.aliases # Local config
[[ -f ~/.zshrc.local ]] && source ~/.zshrc.local

好用的编辑器 Vim

对于Vim,无需溢美之词,作为与emacs并列的两大编辑器,早已经被无数人奉为经典。而它却 又以超长的学习曲线,使得很多人望而却步。长久以来,虽然拥有大量的插件,却缺少一个 确之有效的插件管理器。所幸,Vundle的出现解决了这个问题。

Vundle可以让你在配置文件中管理插件,并且非常方便的查找、安装、更新或者删除插件。 还可以帮你自动配置插件的执行路径和生成帮助文件。相对于另外一个管理工具pathogen, 可以说有着巨大的优势。

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# vundle 安装和配置
git clone https://github.com/gmarik/Vundle.vim.git ~/.vim/bundle/Vundle.vim
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" 将下面配置文件加入到.vimrc文件中
set nocompatible " 必须
filetype off " 必须 " 将Vundle加入运行时路径中(Runtime path)
set rtp+=~/.vim/bundle/Vundle.vim
call vundle#begin() " 使用Vundle管理插件,必须
Plugin 'gmarik/Vundle.vim' "
" 其他插件
" call vundle#end() " 必须
filetype plugin indent on " 必须

最后,你只需要执行安装命令,即可以安装好所需的插件。

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# 在vim中
:PluginInstall # 在终端
vim +PluginInstall +qall

下面列出我的Vim插件和配置

Vim插件 (vimrc.bundles)download

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if &compatible
set nocompatible
end filetype off
set rtp+=~/.vim/bundle/vundle/
call vundle#rc() " Let Vundle manage Vundle
Bundle 'gmarik/vundle' " Define bundles via Github repos
Bundle 'christoomey/vim-run-interactive'
Bundle 'croaky/vim-colors-github'
Bundle 'danro/rename.vim'
Bundle 'kchmck/vim-coffee-script'
Bundle 'kien/ctrlp.vim'
Bundle 'pbrisbin/vim-mkdir'
Bundle 'scrooloose/syntastic'
Bundle 'slim-template/vim-slim'
Bundle 'thoughtbot/vim-rspec'
Bundle 'tpope/vim-bundler'
Bundle 'tpope/vim-endwise'
Bundle 'tpope/vim-fugitive'
Bundle 'tpope/vim-rails'
Bundle 'tpope/vim-surround'
Bundle 'vim-ruby/vim-ruby'
Bundle 'vim-scripts/ctags.vim'
Bundle 'vim-scripts/matchit.zip'
Bundle 'vim-scripts/tComment'
Bundle "mattn/emmet-vim"
Bundle "scrooloose/nerdtree"
Bundle "Lokaltog/vim-powerline"
Bundle "godlygeek/tabular"
Bundle "msanders/snipmate.vim"
Bundle "jelera/vim-javascript-syntax"
Bundle "altercation/vim-colors-solarized"
Bundle "othree/html5.vim"
Bundle "xsbeats/vim-blade"
Bundle "Raimondi/delimitMate"
Bundle "groenewege/vim-less"
Bundle "evanmiller/nginx-vim-syntax"
Bundle "Lokaltog/vim-easymotion"
Bundle "tomasr/molokai" if filereadable(expand("~/.vimrc.bundles.local"))
source ~/.vimrc.bundles.local
endif filetype on

Vim配置 (vimrc)download

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" Use Vim settings, rather then Vi settings. This setting must be as early as
" possible, as it has side effects.
set nocompatible " Highlight current line
au WinLeave * set nocursorline nocursorcolumn
au WinEnter * set cursorline cursorcolumn
set cursorline cursorcolumn " Leader
let mapleader = "," set backspace=2 " Backspace deletes like most programs in insert mode
set nobackup
set nowritebackup
set noswapfile " http://robots.thoughtbot.com/post/18739402579/global-gitignore#comment-458413287
set history=50
set ruler " show the cursor position all the time
set showcmd " display incomplete commands
set incsearch " do incremental searching
set laststatus=2 " Always display the status line
set autowrite " Automatically :write before running commands
set confirm " Need confrimation while exit
set fileencodings=utf-8,gb18030,gbk,big5 " Switch syntax highlighting on, when the terminal has colors
" Also switch on highlighting the last used search pattern.
if (&t_Co > 2 || has("gui_running")) && !exists("syntax_on")
syntax on
endif if filereadable(expand("~/.vimrc.bundles"))
source ~/.vimrc.bundles
endif filetype plugin indent on augroup vimrcEx
autocmd! " When editing a file, always jump to the last known cursor position.
" Don't do it for commit messages, when the position is invalid, or when
" inside an event handler (happens when dropping a file on gvim).
autocmd BufReadPost *
\ if &ft != 'gitcommit' && line("'\"") > 0 && line("'\"") <= line("$") |
\ exe "normal g`\"" |
\ endif " Cucumber navigation commands
autocmd User Rails Rnavcommand step features/step_definitions -glob=**/* -suffix=_steps.rb
autocmd User Rails Rnavcommand config config -glob=**/* -suffix=.rb -default=routes " Set syntax highlighting for specific file types
autocmd BufRead,BufNewFile Appraisals set filetype=ruby
autocmd BufRead,BufNewFile *.md set filetype=markdown " Enable spellchecking for Markdown
autocmd FileType markdown setlocal spell " Automatically wrap at 80 characters for Markdown
autocmd BufRead,BufNewFile *.md setlocal textwidth=80
augroup END " Softtabs, 2 spaces
set tabstop=2
set shiftwidth=2
set shiftround
set expandtab " Display extra whitespace
set list listchars=tab:»·,trail:· " Use The Silver Searcher https://github.com/ggreer/the_silver_searcher
if executable('ag')
" Use Ag over Grep
set grepprg=ag\ --nogroup\ --nocolor " Use ag in CtrlP for listing files. Lightning fast and respects .gitignore
let g:ctrlp_user_command = 'ag %s -l --nocolor -g ""' " ag is fast enough that CtrlP doesn't need to cache
let g:ctrlp_use_caching = 0
endif " Color scheme
colorscheme molokai
highlight NonText guibg=#060606
highlight Folded guibg=#0A0A0A guifg=#9090D0 " Make it obvious where 80 characters is
set textwidth=80
set colorcolumn=+1 " Numbers
set number
set numberwidth=5 " Tab completion
" will insert tab at beginning of line,
" will use completion if not at beginning
set wildmode=list:longest,list:full
function! InsertTabWrapper()
let col = col('.') - 1
if !col || getline('.')[col - 1] !~ '\k'
return "\<tab>"
else
return "\<c-p>"
endif
endfunction
inoremap <Tab> <c-r>=InsertTabWrapper()<cr>
inoremap <S-Tab> <c-n> " Exclude Javascript files in :Rtags via rails.vim due to warnings when parsing
let g:Tlist_Ctags_Cmd="ctags --exclude='*.js'" " Index ctags from any project, including those outside Rails
map <Leader>ct :!ctags -R .<CR> " Switch between the last two files
nnoremap <leader><leader> <c-^> " Get off my lawn
nnoremap <Left> :echoe "Use h"<CR>
nnoremap <Right> :echoe "Use l"<CR>
nnoremap <Up> :echoe "Use k"<CR>
nnoremap <Down> :echoe "Use j"<CR> " vim-rspec mappings
nnoremap <Leader>t :call RunCurrentSpecFile()<CR>
nnoremap <Leader>s :call RunNearestSpec()<CR>
nnoremap <Leader>l :call RunLastSpec()<CR> " Run commands that require an interactive shell
nnoremap <Leader>r :RunInInteractiveShell<space>
" Treat <li> and <p> tags like the block tags they are
let g:html_indent_tags = 'li\|p'
" Open new split panes to right and bottom, which feels more natural
set splitbelow
set splitright
" Quicker window movement
nnoremap <C-j> <C-w>j
nnoremap <C-k> <C-w>k
nnoremap <C-h> <C-w>h
nnoremap <C-l> <C-w>l
" configure syntastic syntax checking to check on open as well as save
let g:syntastic_check_on_open=1
let g:syntastic_html_tidy_ignore_errors=[" proprietary attribute \"ng-"]
autocmd Syntax javascript set syntax=jquery " JQuery syntax support
set matchpairs+=<:>
set statusline+=%{fugitive#statusline()} " Git Hotness
" Nerd Tree
let NERDChristmasTree=0
let NERDTreeWinSize=40
let NERDTreeChDirMode=2
let NERDTreeIgnore=['\~$', '\.pyc$', '\.swp$']
let NERDTreeShowBookmarks=1
let NERDTreeWinPos="right"
autocmd vimenter * if !argc() | NERDTree | endif " Automatically open a NERDTree if no files where specified
autocmd bufenter * if (winnr("$") == 1 && exists("b:NERDTreeType") && b:NERDTreeType == "primary") | q | endif " Close vim if the only window left open is a NERDTree
nmap <F5> :NERDTreeToggle<cr>
" Emmet
let g:user_emmet_mode='i' " enable for insert mode
" Search results high light
set hlsearch
" nohlsearch shortcut
nmap -hl :nohlsearch<cr>
nmap +hl :set hlsearch<cr>
" Javascript syntax hightlight
syntax enable
" ctrap
set wildignore+=*/tmp/*,*.so,*.swp,*.zip " MacOSX/Linux"
let g:ctrlp_custom_ignore = '\v[\/]\.(git|hg|svn)$'
nnoremap <leader>w :w<CR>
nnoremap <leader>q :q<CR>
" RSpec.vim mappings
map <Leader>t :call RunCurrentSpecFile()<CR>
map <Leader>s :call RunNearestSpec()<CR>
map <Leader>l :call RunLastSpec()<CR>
map <Leader>a :call RunAllSpecs()<CR>
" Vim-instant-markdown doesn't work in zsh
set shell=bash\ -i
" Snippets author
let g:snips_author = 'Yuez'
" Local config
if filereadable($HOME . "/.vimrc.local")
source ~/.vimrc.local
endif

新世代的版本管理工具 git

Git是一个分散式版本控制软件。最初的目的是为了更好的管理Linux内核开发而设计。与CVS、 Subversion等集中式版本控制软件不同,Git不需要服务器端软件就可以发挥版本控制的作用。 使得代码的维护和发布变得非常方便。

Git库目录结构

  • hooks : 存储钩子文件夹
  • logs : 存储日志文件夹
  • refs : 存储指向各个分支指针的(SHA-1)的文件夹
  • objects : 存储git对象
  • config : 存储配置文件
  • HEAD : 指向当前分支的指针文件路径
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# 安装git
brew install git

Git安装完毕后,只需要使用git config简单配置下用户名和邮箱就可以使用了。

为了使Git更好用,对Git做一些配置,.gitconfig文件中可以设置自定义命令等,.gitignore 文件是默认被忽略版本管理的文件。

(gitconfig)download

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[push]
default = current
[color]
ui = auto
[alias]
aa = add --all
ap = add --patch
ca = commit --amend
ci = commit -v
co = checkout
br = branch
create-branch = !sh -c 'git push origin HEAD:refs/heads/$1 && git fetch origin && git branch --track $1 origin/$1 && cd . && git checkout $1' -
delete-branch = !sh -c 'git push origin :refs/heads/$1 && git branch -D $1' -
merge-branch = !git checkout master && git merge @{-1}
pr = !hub pull-request
st = status
up = !git fetch origin && git rebase origin/master
[core]
excludesfile = ~/.gitignore
autocrlf = input
[merge]
ff = only
[include]
path = .gitconfig.local
[commit]
template = ~/.gitmessage
[fetch]
prune = true
[user]
name = zgs225
email = zgs225@gmail.com
[credential]
helper = osxkeychain
[github]
user = zgs225

(gitignore)download

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*.DS_Store
*.sw[nop]
.bundle
.env
db/*.sqlite3
log/*.log
rerun.txt
tags
tmp/**/*
!tmp/cache/.keep

自动集成 ternimal 环境

感谢thoughtbot组织发布的开源项目,可 以轻松的完成上述配置。这是我fork项目的地址(https://github.com/zgs225/dotfiles), 欢迎fork并完善成属于你自己的配置。

安装步骤:

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# 更改为zsh, 详细参考上面zsh部分
chsh -s $(which zsh) # clone 源码
git clone https://github.com/zgs225/dotfiles.git # 安装rcm
brew tap thoughtbot/formulae
brew install rcm # 安装上述环境并且完成配置
rcup -d dotfiles -x README.md -x LICENSE -x Brewfile

语言篇

编程语言五花八门,它们各自的版本也是万别千差。各种语言之间或多或少都存在着向前, 或者向后的不兼容。因为版本不兼容导致的bug也是格外的招人烦。所以,在语言篇这篇,也 是侧重与到编程语言版本管理已经环境控制。

简洁优美的类Lisp语言 Ruby

以Ruby作为语言篇的开篇,足以看得出来我对Ruby的喜爱。虽然它有着这样或者那样令人诟 病的缺点,不过作为让我体会到Web世界美妙的第一门语言,我对Ruby一直有着别样的感情。

目前,Ruby的常用版本是1.9,2.1和最新的2.2。最新版本并不是完全向后兼容,所以如果你 的电脑中存在着老版本的Ruby项目,这时候又想切换到新版本中来,那可就头疼了。好在, 有像rvmrbenv这样的Ruby版本管理软件。它们各有优劣,而我喜欢更为自动化的rvm。

一个完整的Ruby环境包括Ruby解释器、安装的RubyGems以及它们的文档。rvm用gemsets的 概念,为每一个版本的Ruby提供一个独立的RubyGems环境。可以很方便的在不同的Ruby环境 中切换而不相互影响。

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# 安装rvm
# 设置mpapis公钥
gpg --keyserver hkp://keys.gnupg.net --recv-keys 409B6B1796C275462A1703113804BB82D39DC0E3 # 安装稳定版rvm
\curl -sSL https://get.rvm.io | bash -s stable

由于网络原因,可以将rvm的Ruby安装源修改为国内淘宝的Ruby镜像服务器。 该镜像服务器15分钟以此更新,尽量保证与官方同步。这样能提高安装速度。

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# 出自 http://ruby.taobao.org
sed -i .bak 's!cache.ruby-lang.org/pub/ruby!ruby.taobao.org/mirrors/ruby!' $rvm_path/config/db

推荐一篇关于rvm的文章: https://ruby-china.org/wiki/rvm-guide

同样,由于网络原因,需要将RubyGems的安装源修改到镜像服务器上。

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# 切换源
gem sources --remove https://rubygems.org/
gem sources -a https://ruby.taobao.org/ # 查看源列表
gem sources -l *** CURRENT SOURCES *** https://rubygems.org/

以上,你就拥有了一个相对舒适的Ruby开发环境,不用为版本和网络问题发愁。啊!天空都 清净了。

http://yuez.me/cong-ling-da-jian-he-pei-zhi-osxkai-fa-huan-jing/