早就听说requests的库的强大,只是还没有接触,今天接触了一下,发现以前使用urllib,urllib2等方法真是太搓了……
这里写些简单的使用初步作为一个记录
一、下载
官方项目页: https://pypi.python.org/pypi/requests/#downloads
可以从上面直接下载。
二、发送无参数的get请求
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>>> r = requests.get( 'http://httpbin.org/get' )
>>> print r.text
{
"args" : {},
"headers" : {
"Accept" : "*/*" ,
"Accept-Encoding" : "gzip, deflate" ,
"Connection" : "close" ,
"Host" : "httpbin.org" ,
"User-Agent" : "python-requests/2.3.0 CPython/2.6.6 Windows/7" ,
"X-Request-Id" : "8a28bbea-55cd-460b-bda3-f3427d66b700"
},
"origin" : "124.192.129.84" ,
"url" : "http://httpbin.org/get"
}
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三、发送带参数的get请求,将key与value放入一个字典中,通过params参数来传递,其作用相当于urllib.urlencode
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>>> import requests
>>> pqyload = { 'q' : '杨彦星' }
>>> r = requests.get( 'http://www.so.com/s' ,params = pqyload)
>>> r.url
u 'http://www.so.com/s?q=%E6%9D%A8%E5%BD%A6%E6%98%9F'
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四、发送post请求,通过data参数来传递,
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>>> payload = { 'a' : '杨' , 'b' : 'hello' }
>>> r = requests.post( "http://httpbin.org/post" , data = payload)
>>> print r.text
{
"args" : {},
"data" : "",
"files" : {},
"form" : {
"a" : "\u6768" ,
"b" : "hello"
},
"headers" : {
"Accept" : "*/*" ,
"Accept-Encoding" : "gzip, deflate" ,
"Connection" : "close" ,
"Content-Length" : "19" ,
"Content-Type" : "application/x-www-form-urlencoded" ,
"Host" : "httpbin.org" ,
"User-Agent" : "python-requests/2.3.0 CPython/2.6.6 Windows/7" ,
"X-Request-Id" : "c81cb937-04b8-4a2d-ba32-04b5c0b3ba98"
},
"json" : null,
"origin" : "124.192.129.84" ,
"url" : "http://httpbin.org/post"
}
>>>
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可以看到,post参数已经传到了form里,data不光可以接受字典类型的数据,还可以接受json等格式
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>>> payload = { 'a' : '杨' , 'b' : 'hello' }
>>> import json
>>> r = requests.post( 'http://httpbin.org/post' , data = json.dumps(payload))
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五、发送文件的post类型,这个相当于向网站上传一张图片,文档等操作,这时要使用files参数
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>>> url = 'http://httpbin.org/post'
>>> files = { 'file' : open ( 'touxiang.png' , 'rb' )}
>>> r = requests.post(url, files = files)
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定制headers,使用headers参数来传递
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>>> import json
>>> url = 'https://api.github.com/some/endpoint'
>>> payload = { 'some' : 'data' }
>>> headers = { 'content-type' : 'application/json' }
>>> r = requests.post(url, data = json.dumps(payload), headers = headers)
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六、响应内容
响应状态码:
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r = requests.get( 'http://httpbin.org/get' )
print r.status_code
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响应头:
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>>> print r.headers
{ 'content-length' : '519' , 'server' : 'gunicorn/18.0' , 'connection' : 'keep-alive' , 'date' : 'Sun, 15 Jun 2014 14:19:52 GMT' , 'access-control-allow-origin' : '*' , 'content-type' : 'application/json' }
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也可以取到这个个别的响应头用来做一些判断,这里的参数是不区分大小写的
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r.headers[‘Content - Type ']
r.headers.get(‘Content - Type ')
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响应内容,前面已经在应用了:
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r.text
r.content
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七、获取响应中的cookies
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>>> r = requests.get( 'http://www.baidu.com' )
>>> r.cookies[ 'BAIDUID' ]
'D5810267346AEFB0F25CB0D6D0E043E6:FG=1'
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也可以自已定义请求的COOKIES
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>>> url = 'http://httpbin.org/cookies'
>>> cookies = { 'cookies_are' : 'working' }
>>> r = requests.get(url,cookies = cookies)
>>>
>>> print r.text
{
"cookies" : {
"cookies_are" : "working"
}
}
>>>
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cookies还有很多,因为目前我也还不是很多,以后再扩充吧
八、使用timeout参数设置超时时间
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>>> requests.get( 'http://github.com' , timeout = 1 )
<Response [ 200 ]>
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如果将时间设置成非常小的数,如
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requests.get( 'http://github.com' , timeout = 0.001 )
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,那么如果在timeout的时间内没有连接,那么将会抛出一个Timeout的异常
九、访问中使用session
先初始化一个session对象,
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s = requests.Session()
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然后使用这个session对象来进行访问,r = s.post(url,data = user)
以下通过访问人人网来获取首页中的最近来访问,然后再访问查看更多的来访来读取更多的最近来访
更多的来访就是以带session的访问http://www.renren.com/myfoot.do
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#coding:utf-8
import requests
import re
url = r 'http://www.renren.com/ajaxLogin'
user = { 'email' : 'email' , 'password' : 'pass' }
s = requests.Session()
r = s.post(url,data = user)
html = r.text
visit = []
first = re. compile (r '</span><span class="time-tip first-tip"><span class="tip-content">(.*?)</span>' )
second = re. compile (r '</span><span class="time-tip"><span class="tip-content">(.*?)</span>' )
third = re. compile (r '</span><span class="time-tip last-second-tip"><span class="tip-content">(.*?)</span>' )
last = re. compile (r '</span><span class="time-tip last-tip"><span class="tip-content">(.*?)</span>' )
visit.extend(first.findall(html))
visit.extend(second.findall(html))
visit.extend(third.findall(html))
visit.extend(last.findall(html))
for i in visit:
print i
print '以下是更多的最近来访'
vm = s.get( 'http://www.renren.com/myfoot.do' )
fm = re. compile (r '"name":"(.*?)"' )
visitmore = fm.findall(vm.text)
for i in visitmore:
print i
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十、requests-cookies
Cookies就像字典一样储存了各个项的值并保存起来, 例如我们的用户名, 密码, 登录信息等都可以保存起来. 当网页再次被加载时可以从cookies中找到相关的信息并从而免除再次输入赋值的过程.
在requests中使用get等请求时同样可以赋予cookies信息. 例如我们从浏览器中获取某次网页加载时请求的cookies, 可以同样赋予requests再次使用.
requests请求时加入cookies={key:value}参数即可传递cookies.
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import requests
url = 'http://httpbin.org/cookies'
cookies = dict (cookies_are = 'working' )
r = requests.get(url, cookies = cookies)
r.text
#'{"cookies": {"cookies_are": "working"}}'
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查询某次请求的cookies很简单, 就像获得headers一样使用cookies属性即可:
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url = 'http://example.com/some/cookie/setting/url'
r = requests.get(url)
r.cookies[ 'example_cookie_name' ]
# 'example_cookie_value'
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以下函数可以分解浏览器获得的cookies字符串到一个字典,从而帮助我们模拟requests请求.
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def browsercookiesdict(s):
'''Covert cookies string from browser to a dict'''
ss = s.split( ';' )
outdict = {}
for item in ss:
i1 = item.split( '=' , 1 )[ 0 ].strip()
i2 = item.split( '=' , 1 )[ 1 ].strip()
outdict[i1] = i2
return outdict
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