maven 生成可执行的jar文件

微服务的热潮，慢慢讲jar引入了码农的视线之中，从传统web开发中过来的人面对这个东西也算是个新鲜事了，接下来聊一聊在maven下生成可运行jar的那些事。

Maven可以使用mvn package指令对项目进行打包生成jar文件，如果直接使用java -jar xxx.jar指令运行jar文件，会出现”no main manifest attribute, in xxx.jar”（没有设置Main-Class）、ClassNotFoundException（找不到依赖包）等错误。

要想jar包能直接通过java -jar xxx.jar运行，需要满足：

1、在jar包中的META-INF/MANIFEST.MF中指定Main-Class，这样才能确定程序的入口在哪里；

2、要能加载到依赖包。

1. 使用maven-shade-plugin插件打包，该插件在maven实战中推荐使用。

<build>
	<plugins>

		<plugin>
			<groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
			<artifactId>maven-shade-plugin</artifactId>
			<version>2.4.1</version>
			<executions>
				<execution>
					<phase>package</phase>
					<goals>
						<goal>shade</goal>
					</goals>
					<configuration>
						<transformers>
							<transformer implementation="org.apache.maven.plugins.shade.resource.ManifestResourceTransformer">
								<mainClass>com.xxg.Main</mainClass>
							</transformer>
						</transformers>
					</configuration>
				</execution>
			</executions>
		</plugin>

	</plugins>
</build>
执行mvn package即可打包。在target目录下会生成两个jar包，注意不是original-xxx.jar文件，而是另外一个，生成的jar文件包含了所有依赖，所以可以直接运行
不过如果项目中用到了Spring Framework，将依赖打到一个jar包中，运行时会出现读取XML schema文件出错。原因是Spring Framework的多个jar包中包含相同的文件spring.handlers和spring.schemas，如果生成单个jar包会互相覆盖。为了避免互相影响，可以使用AppendingTransformer来对文件内容追加合并：

<build>
	<plugins>

		<plugin>
			<groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
			<artifactId>maven-shade-plugin</artifactId>
			<version>2.4.1</version>
			<executions>
				<execution>
					<phase>package</phase>
					<goals>
						<goal>shade</goal>
					</goals>
					<configuration>
						<transformers>
							<transformer implementation="org.apache.maven.plugins.shade.resource.ManifestResourceTransformer">
								<mainClass>com.xxg.Main</mainClass>
							</transformer>
							<transformer implementation="org.apache.maven.plugins.shade.resource.AppendingTransformer">
								<resource>META-INF/spring.handlers</resource>
							</transformer>
							<transformer implementation="org.apache.maven.plugins.shade.resource.AppendingTransformer">
								<resource>META-INF/spring.schemas</resource>
							</transformer>
						</transformers>
					</configuration>
				</execution>
			</executions>
		</plugin>

	</plugins>
</build>

2. 使用maven-assembly-plugin插件打包

<build>
	<plugins>

		<plugin>
			<groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
			<artifactId>maven-assembly-plugin</artifactId>
			<version>2.5.5</version>
			<configuration>
				<archive>
					<manifest>
						<mainClass>com.xxg.Main</mainClass>
					</manifest>
				</archive>
				<descriptorRefs>
					<descriptorRef>jar-with-dependencies</descriptorRef>
				</descriptorRefs>
			</configuration>
		</plugin>

	</plugins>
</build> 

mvn package assembly:single

打包后会在target目录下生成一个xxx-jar-with-dependencies.jar文件，这个文件不但包含了自己项目中的代码和资源，还包含了所有依赖包的内容。所以可以直接通过java -jar来运行。

此外还可以直接通过mvn package来打包，无需assembly:single，不过需要加上一些配置：

<build>
	<plugins>

		<plugin>
			<groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
			<artifactId>maven-assembly-plugin</artifactId>
			<version>2.5.5</version>
			<configuration>
				<archive>
					<manifest>
						<mainClass>com.xxg.Main</mainClass>
					</manifest>
				</archive>
				<descriptorRefs>
					<descriptorRef>jar-with-dependencies</descriptorRef>
				</descriptorRefs>
			</configuration>
			<executions>
				<execution>
					<id>make-assembly</id>
					<phase>package</phase>
					<goals>
						<goal>single</goal>
					</goals>
				</execution>
			</executions>
		</plugin>

	</plugins>
</build>

其中<phase>package</phase>、<goal>single</goal>表示在执行package打包时，执行assembly:single，所以可以直接使用mvn package打包。

不过，如果项目中用到Spring Framework，用这种方式打出来的包运行时会出现读取XML schema文件异常等奇怪的错误，使用上面的方法可以处理。

3.使用maven-jar-plugin和maven-dependency-plugin插件打包

<build>
	<plugins>

		<plugin>
			<groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
			<artifactId>maven-jar-plugin</artifactId>
			<version>2.6</version>
			<configuration>
				<archive>
					<manifest>
						<addClasspath>true</addClasspath>
						<classpathPrefix>lib/</classpathPrefix>
						<mainClass>com.xxg.Main</mainClass>
					</manifest>
				</archive>
			</configuration>
		</plugin>
		<plugin>
			<groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
			<artifactId>maven-dependency-plugin</artifactId>
			<version>2.10</version>
			<executions>
				<execution>
					<id>copy-dependencies</id>
					<phase>package</phase>
					<goals>
						<goal>copy-dependencies</goal>
					</goals>
					<configuration>
						<outputDirectory>${project.build.directory}/lib</outputDirectory>
					</configuration>
				</execution>
			</executions>
		</plugin>

	</plugins>
</build>

maven-jar-plugin用于生成META-INF/MANIFEST.MF文件的部分内容，<mainClass>com.xxg.Main</mainClass>指定MANIFEST.MF中的Main-Class，<addClasspath>true</addClasspath>会在MANIFEST.MF加上Class-Path项并配置依赖包，<classpathPrefix>lib/</classpathPrefix>指定依赖包所在目录。

例如下面是一个通过maven-jar-plugin插件生成的MANIFEST.MF文件片段：

Class-Path: lib/commons-logging-1.2.jar lib/commons-io-2.4.jar
Main-Class: com.xxg.Main

不过仅仅生成MANIFEST.MF文件还不够，maven-dependency-plugin插件用于将依赖包拷贝到<outputDirectory>${project.build.directory}/lib</outputDirectory>指定的位置，即lib目录下。

配置完成后，通过mvn package指令打包，会在target目录下生成jar包，并将依赖包拷贝到target/lib目录下，目录结构如下：
maven 生成可执行的jar文件目录结构
指定了Main-Class，有了依赖包，那么就可以直接通过java -jar xxx.jar运行jar包。

不过这种方式生成jar包有个缺点，就是生成的jar包太多不便于管理，上边两种方式只生成单个jar文件，包含项目本身的代码、资源以及所有的依赖包。

4. assembly 引入配置式打包

<plugins>
           <plugin>
               <artifactId>maven-dependency-plugin</artifactId>
               <executions>
                   <execution>
                       <id>unpack</id>
                       <phase>package</phase>
                       <goals>
                           <goal>unpack</goal>
                       </goals>
                       <configuration>
                           <artifactItems>
                               <artifactItem>
                                   <groupId>com.alibaba</groupId>
                                   <artifactId>dubbo</artifactId>
                                   <version>2.5.3</version>
                                   <outputDirectory>${project.build.directory}/dubbo</outputDirectory>
                                   <includes>META-INF/assembly/**</includes>
                               </artifactItem>
                           </artifactItems>
                       </configuration>
                   </execution>
               </executions>
           </plugin>
           <plugin>
               <artifactId>maven-assembly-plugin</artifactId>
               <configuration>
                   <descriptor>src/main/assembly/assembly.xml</descriptor>
               </configuration>
               <executions>
                   <execution>
                       <id>make-assembly</id>
                       <phase>package</phase>
                       <goals>
                           <goal>single</goal>
                       </goals>
                   </execution>
               </executions>
           </plugin>
       </plugins>

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<assembly>
    <id>assembly</id>
    <formats>
        <format>tar.gz</format>
    </formats>
    <includeBaseDirectory>true</includeBaseDirectory>
    <fileSets>
        <fileSet>
            <directory>${project.build.directory}/dubbo/META-INF/assembly/bin</directory>
            <outputDirectory>bin</outputDirectory>
            <fileMode>0755</fileMode>
        </fileSet>
        <fileSet>
            <directory>src/main/assembly/conf</directory>
            <outputDirectory>conf</outputDirectory>
            <fileMode>0644</fileMode>
        </fileSet>
    </fileSets>
    <dependencySets>
        <dependencySet>
            <outputDirectory>lib</outputDirectory>
        </dependencySet>
    </dependencySets>
</assembly>
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" alt="" />

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