Spring MVC知识点整理

时间:2022-12-02 16:10:26
网上Spring MVC相关知识点的介绍已经有很多了,但是大部分文章都是介绍其中的一部分知识点。
本文希望能够向读者做一个基本整体的介绍,首先我们先来了解下Spring MVC的基础接口和组件。
一、DispatcherServlet VS ContextLoaderListener
首先我们需要区分DispatcherServlet和ContextLoaderListener,在web应用程序中有两种类型的容器。
一个容器负责初始化应用程序上下文,另一个容器负责初始化web应用的上下文。
其中,Application Context是通过ContextLoaderListener来进行初始化的。
其配置实例如下,
<listener>
<listener-class>org.springframework.web.context.ContextLoaderListener</listener-class>
</listener> <context-param>
<param-name>contextConfigLocation</param-name>
<param-value>classpath:*-context.xml</param-value>
</context-param>
Application Context主要包含service组件、DAO组件以及其他的有可能被多个应用重复利用的组件。
而web application context则是通过DispatcherServlet来进行初始化的,它是Application Context的子上下文,
所有在Application Context中加载的bean都可以被web application context引用到,
因此,我们最好能够将应用服务组件、DAO组件与controller组件、View resolver组件区分对待。
其具体配置样例如下,
<servlet>
<servlet-name>platform-services</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet</servlet-class>
<init-param>
<param-name>contextConfigLocation</param-name>
<param-value>classpath:platform-services-servlet.xml</param-value>
</init-param>
<load-on-startup>1</load-on-startup>
</servlet>
二、Servlet Filter vs Spring Interceptor
Filter和Interceptor都可以实现请求日志记录和身份验证的功能。
但是两者的区别也是很明显的,简单来讲,Filter是由web容器来管理的,Interceptor是通过Spring来管理的。
因此,Filter只能够用在web应用中,但是Interceptor可以用在任意的组件中;
另外,因为Interceptor是通过Spring来进行管理的,因此Interceptor可以利用由Spring加载和生成的bean。
利用Filter我们可以对用户请求进行预处理,以及对响应进行后处理。
Filter的具体配置实例,可以参考:http://www.cnblogs.com/Fskjb/archive/2010/03/27/1698448.html
而利用Interceptor我们可以在preHandle,postHandle以及afterCompletion三个点进行拦截。
Interceptor接口定义如下:
Spring MVC知识点整理
Interceptor的具体调用是在DispatcherServlet中进行的,具体代码实现如下:
/**
* Process the actual dispatching to the handler.
* <p>The handler will be obtained by applying the servlet's HandlerMappings in order.
* The HandlerAdapter will be obtained by querying the servlet's installed HandlerAdapters
* to find the first that supports the handler class.
* <p>All HTTP methods are handled by this method. It's up to HandlerAdapters or handlers
* themselves to decide which methods are acceptable.
* @param request current HTTP request
* @param response current HTTP response
* @throws Exception in case of any kind of processing failure
*/
protected void doDispatch(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws Exception {
HttpServletRequest processedRequest = request;
HandlerExecutionChain mappedHandler = null ;
int interceptorIndex = -1; try {
ModelAndView mv;
boolean errorView = false; try {
processedRequest = checkMultipart(request); // Determine handler for the current request.
mappedHandler = getHandler(processedRequest, false);
if ( mappedHandler == null || mappedHandler.getHandler() == null ) {
noHandlerFound( processedRequest, response);
return;
} // Determine handler adapter for the current request.
HandlerAdapter ha = getHandlerAdapter(mappedHandler .getHandler()); // Process last-modified header, if supported by the handler.
String method = request.getMethod();
boolean isGet = "GET".equals( method);
if ( isGet || "HEAD".equals( method)) {
long lastModified = ha.getLastModified( request, mappedHandler.getHandler());
if ( logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
String requestUri = urlPathHelper.getRequestUri(request );
logger.debug( "Last-Modified value for [" + requestUri + "] is: " + lastModified);
}
if ( new ServletWebRequest( request, response).checkNotModified( lastModified) && isGet) {
return;
}
}
1. 在handler执行之前,获取注册到相关handler的interceptor列表,调用的顺序与配置的顺序一致
// Apply preHandle methods of registered interceptors.
HandlerInterceptor[] interceptors = mappedHandler.getInterceptors();
if ( interceptors != null) {
for ( int i = 0; i < interceptors. length; i++) {
HandlerInterceptor interceptor = interceptors[ i];
if (!interceptor.preHandle(processedRequest , response , mappedHandler.getHandler())) {
2. 如果interceptor.preHandle执行结果为false,则触发afterCompletion方法的调用,并直接返回
triggerAfterCompletion( mappedHandler, interceptorIndex , processedRequest, response , null);
return;
}
interceptorIndex = i;
}
} // Actually invoke the handler.
mv = ha.handle( processedRequest, response, mappedHandler.getHandler()); // Do we need view name translation?
if ( mv != null && ! mv.hasView()) {
mv.setViewName(getDefaultViewName( request));
}
3. handler执行完业务逻辑处理后,逆序调用interceptor列表来执行postHandle方法
// Apply postHandle methods of registered interceptors.
if ( interceptors != null) {
for ( int i = interceptors. length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
HandlerInterceptor interceptor = interceptors[ i];
interceptor.postHandle( processedRequest, response, mappedHandler.getHandler(), mv );
}
}
}
catch (ModelAndViewDefiningException ex) {
logger.debug( "ModelAndViewDefiningException encountered" , ex);
mv = ex.getModelAndView();
}
catch (Exception ex) {
Object handler = ( mappedHandler != null ? mappedHandler.getHandler() : null );
mv = processHandlerException(processedRequest , response , handler , ex);
errorView = ( mv != null);
} // Did the handler return a view to render?
if ( mv != null && ! mv.wasCleared()) {
render( mv, processedRequest, response);
if ( errorView) {
WebUtils. clearErrorRequestAttributes(request);
}
}
else {
if ( logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
logger.debug( "Null ModelAndView returned to DispatcherServlet with name '" + getServletName() +
"': assuming HandlerAdapter completed request handling");
}
}
4. 完成视图的渲染之后,触发interceptor的afterCompletion方法,逆序执行
// Trigger after-completion for successful outcome.
triggerAfterCompletion( mappedHandler, interceptorIndex, processedRequest , response , null);
} catch (Exception ex) {
5. 触发Exception后,执行interceptor的afterCompletion方法
// Trigger after-completion for thrown exception.
triggerAfterCompletion( mappedHandler, interceptorIndex, processedRequest , response , ex );
throw ex;
}
catch (Error err) {
ServletException ex = new NestedServletException("Handler processing failed" , err );
// Trigger after-completion for thrown exception.
triggerAfterCompletion( mappedHandler, interceptorIndex, processedRequest , response , ex );
throw ex;
} finally {
// Clean up any resources used by a multipart request.
if ( processedRequest != request) {
cleanupMultipart( processedRequest);
}
}
}
interceptor的配置实例如下:
    <mvc:interceptors >
<bean class= "com.interceptor.test.authenInterceptor" >
<property name ="excludeUris">
<list >
<value >/static/ </value >
</list >
</property >
</bean >
</mvc:interceptors >

  

Filter和interceptor在web服务请求中的处理流程,可以参见后面的DipatcherServlet请求处理流程图
三、HandlerMapping vs HandlerAdapter vs HandlerExceptionResolver  vs ViewResolver
HandlerMapping接口的作用是将request uri映射到对应处理类和方法
HandlerMapping接口的类继承结构如下所示:
Spring MVC知识点整理
Spring MVC知识点整理
BeanNameUrlHandlerMapping是DispatcherServlet默认使用的HandlerMapping,其配置方式如下:
<bean name="/hello.htm" class="com.sina.controller.HelloController"/>

<bean name="/sayHello*" class="com.sina.controller.HelloController"/>

SimpleUrlHandlerMapping相对于BeanNameUrlHandlerMapping的优势在与不需要为一个类重复定义bean,而且XML的可读性也更强,其配置实例如下:

<bean id="helloController" class="com.sina.controller.HelloController"/>

  <bean id="urlHandler" class="org.springframework.web.servlet.handler.SimpleUrlHandlerMapping">
<property name="urlMap">
<map>
<entry key="/hello.htm" value-ref="helloController"/>
<entry key="/sayHello*" value-ref="helloController"/>
<entry key="/welcome.html" value-ref="helloController"/>
<entry key="/welcomeUser*" value-ref="helloController"/>
</map>
</property>
</bean>
然而,我们仍然会发现使用SimpleUrlHandlerMapping不利于相似功能请求的分类管理,因此DefaultAnnotationHandlerMapping被大家广泛应用起来。
接下来我们看看HandlerMapping是如何被初始化的,其初始化流程是在DispatcherServlet的initHandlerMappings方法中完成。
     /**
* Initialize the HandlerMappings used by this class.
* <p>If no HandlerMapping beans are defined in the BeanFactory for this namespace,
* we default to BeanNameUrlHandlerMapping.
*/
private void initHandlerMappings (ApplicationContext context) {
this. handlerMappings = null; if ( this. detectAllHandlerMappings) {
//1. 如果detectAllHandlerMappings,则找到所有注册的HandlerMapping bean
Map<String, HandlerMapping> matchingBeans =
BeanFactoryUtils.beansOfTypeIncludingAncestors( context, HandlerMapping.class, true , false);
if (! matchingBeans.isEmpty()) {
this. handlerMappings = new ArrayList<HandlerMapping>(matchingBeans .values());
//2. 对handlerMappings进行排序,排序依据是注册时的order值
OrderComparator.sort(this.handlerMappings);
}
}
//3. 如果detectAllHandlerMappings为false,则只查找名称为HandlerMapping的bean。
else {
try {
HandlerMapping hm = context.getBean(HANDLER_MAPPING_BEAN_NAME , HandlerMapping.class);
this. handlerMappings = Collections.singletonList(hm);
}
catch ( NoSuchBeanDefinitionException ex) {
// Ignore, we'll add a default HandlerMapping later.
}
} // Ensure we have at least one HandlerMapping, by registering
// a default HandlerMapping if no other mappings are found.
4. 如果没有在上下文找到一个HandlerMapping bean,则采用默认策略加载,具体策略设置可以在 DispatcherServlet.properties中看到
if ( this. handlerMappings == null) {
this. handlerMappings = getDefaultStrategies(context, HandlerMapping.class);
if ( logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
logger.debug( "No HandlerMappings found in servlet '" + getServletName() + "': using default");
}
}
}

HandlerAdapter的作用是调用HandlerMapping映射好的处理类和方法,具体配置方式和初始化流程与HandlerMapping相似。

HandlerExceptionResolver接口让开发者可以对异常进行处理,返回给调用者更友好、清晰的信息。

四、DispatcherServlet (请求分发控制器) 初始化处理流程
接下来,我们来了解下DispatcherServlet是如何被实例化的。
当一个Servlet容器(例如:tomcat)启动的时候或者该Servlet被使用的时候会调用相应servlet的init(ServletConfig servletConfig),具体加载时机由load-on-startup属性来设置。
其中,ServletConfig接口的继承结构如下:
四、DispatcherServlet (请求分发控制器) 初始化处理流程
接下来,我们来了解下DispatcherServlet是如何被实例化的。
当一个Servlet容器(例如:tomcat)启动的时候或者该Servlet被使用的时候会调用相应servlet的init(ServletConfig servletConfig),具体加载时机由load-on-startup属性来设置。
其中,ServletConfig接口的继承结构如下:
Spring MVC知识点整理
web容器会实例化实现了ServletContext的对象以及Servlet对象,通过init(ServletConfig servletConfig)函数传递给DispatcherServlet。
接下来,DispatcherServlet类的初始化入口init()会被调用,该方法定义在HttpServletBean类中,其具体实现如下:
    public final void init()
throws ServletException
{
if(logger.isDebugEnabled())
logger.debug((new StringBuilder()).append("Initializing servlet '").append(getServletName()).append("'").toString());
try
{
org.springframework.beans.PropertyValues pvs = new ServletConfigPropertyValues(getServletConfig(), requiredProperties);
BeanWrapper bw = PropertyAccessorFactory.forBeanPropertyAccess(this);
org.springframework.core.io.ResourceLoader resourceLoader = new ServletContextResourceLoader(getServletContext());
bw.registerCustomEditor(org/springframework/core/io/Resource, new ResourceEditor(resourceLoader, getEnvironment()));
initBeanWrapper(bw);
bw.setPropertyValues(pvs, true);
}
catch(BeansException ex)
{
logger.error((new StringBuilder()).append("Failed to set bean properties on servlet '").append(getServletName()).append("'").toString(), ex);
throw ex;
}
initServletBean();
if(logger.isDebugEnabled())
logger.debug((new StringBuilder()).append("Servlet '").append(getServletName()).append("' configured successfully").toString());
}
在try,catch代码块中,会加载param属性值(具体调用流程后续再补充)
接下来,执行的是FrameworkServlet类的initServletBean方法,该方法的主要目的是初始化WebApplicationContext这个上下文。
五、Spring MVC处理请求的工作流程
经过上面的基础接口和类的介绍,我们接下来看下Spring MVC在处理web请求时的完整工作流程。
任何一个MVC框架都必须解决两个关键的问题
1、URL到处理方法的路由和映射
2、request和response的生成与输出
让我们在流程图里面来看Spring MVC是如何解决这个问题的。(后续补充)