虽然我们跑通了一个最简单的MVC,但是页面效果肯定不会让人满意。
对于复杂的HTML前端页面来说,我们需要一套基础的CSS框架来完成页面布局和基本样式。另外,jQuery作为操作DOM的JavaScript库也必不可少。
从零开始写CSS不如直接从一个已有的功能完善的CSS框架开始。有很多CSS框架可供选择。我们这次选择uikit这个强大的CSS框架。它具备完善的响应式布局,漂亮的UI,以及丰富的HTML组件,让我们能轻松设计出美观而简洁的页面。
可以从uikit首页下载打包的资源文件。
所有的静态资源文件我们统一放到www/static目录下,并按照类别归类:
+- css/
| +- addons/
| | +- uikit.addons.min.css
| | +- uikit.almost-flat.addons.min.css
| | +- uikit.gradient.addons.min.css
| +- awesome.css
| +- uikit.almost-flat.addons.min.css
| +- uikit.gradient.addons.min.css
| +- uikit.min.css
+- fonts/
| +- fontawesome-webfont.eot
| +- fontawesome-webfont.ttf
| +- fontawesome-webfont.woff
| +- FontAwesome.otf
+- js/
+- awesome.js
+- html5.js
+- jquery.min.js
+- uikit.min.js
由于前端页面肯定不止首页一个页面,每个页面都有相同的页眉和页脚。如果每个页面都是独立的HTML模板,那么我们在修改页眉和页脚的时候,就需要把每个模板都改一遍,这显然是没有效率的。
常见的模板引擎已经考虑到了页面上重复的HTML部分的复用问题。有的模板通过include把页面拆成三部分:
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< html >
<% include file="inc_header.html" %>
<% include file="index_body.html" %>
<% include file="inc_footer.html" %>
</ html >
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这样,相同的部分inc_header.html和inc_footer.html就可以共享。
但是include方法不利于页面整体结构的维护。jinjia2的模板还有另一种“继承”方式,实现模板的复用更简单。
“继承”模板的方式是通过编写一个“父模板”,在父模板中定义一些可替换的block(块)。然后,编写多个“子模板”,每个子模板都可以只替换父模板定义的block。比如,定义一个最简单的父模板:
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<!-- base.html -->
< html >
< head >
< title >{% block title%} 这里定义了一个名为title的block {% endblock %}</ title >
</ head >
< body >
{% block content %} 这里定义了一个名为content的block {% endblock %}
</ body >
</ html >
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对于子模板a.html,只需要把父模板的title和content替换掉:
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{% extends 'base.html' %}
{% block title %} A {% endblock %}
{% block content %}
< h1 >Chapter A</ h1 >
< p >blablabla...</ p >
{% endblock %}
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对于子模板b.html,如法炮制:
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{% extends 'base.html' %}
{% block title %} B {% endblock %}
{% block content %}
< h1 >Chapter B</ h1 >
< ul >
< li >list 1</ li >
< li >list 2</ li >
</ ul >
{% endblock %}
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这样,一旦定义好父模板的整体布局和CSS样式,编写子模板就会非常容易。
让我们通过uikit这个CSS框架来完成父模板__base__.html的编写:
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<!DOCTYPE html>
< html >
< head >
< meta charset = "utf-8" />
{% block meta %} <!-- block meta --> {% endblock %}
< title >{% block title %} ? {% endblock %} - Awesome Python Webapp</ title >
< link rel = "stylesheet" href = "/static/css/uikit.min.css" >
< link rel = "stylesheet" href = "/static/css/uikit.gradient.min.css" >
< link rel = "stylesheet" href = "/static/css/awesome.css" />
< script src = "/static/js/jquery.min.js" ></ script >
< script src = "/static/js/md5.js" ></ script >
< script src = "/static/js/uikit.min.js" ></ script >
< script src = "/static/js/awesome.js" ></ script >
{% block beforehead %} <!-- before head --> {% endblock %}
</ head >
< body >
< nav class = "uk-navbar uk-navbar-attached uk-margin-bottom" >
< div class = "uk-container uk-container-center" >
< a href = "/" class = "uk-navbar-brand" >Awesome</ a >
< ul class = "uk-navbar-nav" >
< li data-url = "blogs" >< a href = "/" >< i class = "uk-icon-home" ></ i > 日志</ a ></ li >
< li >< a target = "_blank" href = "#" >< i class = "uk-icon-book" ></ i > 教程</ a ></ li >
< li >< a target = "_blank" href = "#" >< i class = "uk-icon-code" ></ i > 源码</ a ></ li >
</ ul >
< div class = "uk-navbar-flip" >
< ul class = "uk-navbar-nav" >
{% if user %}
< li class = "uk-parent" data-uk-dropdown>
< a href = "#0" >< i class = "uk-icon-user" ></ i > {{ user.name }}</ a >
< div class = "uk-dropdown uk-dropdown-navbar" >
< ul class = "uk-nav uk-nav-navbar" >
< li >< a href = "/signout" >< i class = "uk-icon-sign-out" ></ i > 登出</ a ></ li >
</ ul >
</ div >
</ li >
{% else %}
< li >< a href = "/signin" >< i class = "uk-icon-sign-in" ></ i > 登陆</ a ></ li >
< li >< a href = "/register" >< i class = "uk-icon-edit" ></ i > 注册</ a ></ li >
{% endif %}
</ ul >
</ div >
</ div >
</ nav >
< div class = "uk-container uk-container-center" >
< div class = "uk-grid" >
<!-- content -->
{% block content %}
{% endblock %}
<!-- // content -->
</ div >
</ div >
< div class = "uk-margin-large-top" style = "background-color:#eee; border-top:1px solid #ccc;" >
< div class = "uk-container uk-container-center uk-text-center" >
< div class = "uk-panel uk-margin-top uk-margin-bottom" >
< p >
< a target = "_blank" href = "#" class = "uk-icon-button uk-icon-weibo" ></ a >
< a target = "_blank" href = "#" class = "uk-icon-button uk-icon-github" ></ a >
< a target = "_blank" href = "#" class = "uk-icon-button uk-icon-linkedin-square" ></ a >
< a target = "_blank" href = "#" class = "uk-icon-button uk-icon-twitter" ></ a >
</ p >
< p >Powered by < a href = "#" >Awesome Python Webapp</ a >. Copyright © 2014. [< a href = "/manage/" target = "_blank" >Manage</ a >]</ p >
< p >< a href = "http://www.liaoxuefeng.com/" target = "_blank" >www.liaoxuefeng.com</ a >. All rights reserved.</ p >
< a target = "_blank" href = "#" >< i class = "uk-icon-html5" style = "font-size:64px; color: #444;" ></ i ></ a >
</ div >
</ div >
</ div >
</ body >
</ html >
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__base__.html定义的几个block作用如下:
用于子页面定义一些meta,例如rss feed:
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{% block meta %} ... {% endblock %}
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覆盖页面的标题:
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{% block title %} ... {% endblock %}
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子页面可以在标签关闭前插入JavaScript代码:
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{% block beforehead %} ... {% endblock %}
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子页面的content布局和内容:
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{% block content %}
...
{% endblock %}
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我们把首页改造一下,从__base__.html继承一个blogs.html:
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{% extends '__base__.html' %}
{% block title %}日志{% endblock %}
{% block content %}
< div class = "uk-width-medium-3-4" >
{% for blog in blogs %}
< article class = "uk-article" >
< h2 >< a href = "/blog/{{ blog.id }}" >{{ blog.name }}</ a ></ h2 >
< p class = "uk-article-meta" >发表于{{ blog.created_at}}</ p >
< p >{{ blog.summary }}</ p >
< p >< a href = "/blog/{{ blog.id }}" >继续阅读 < i class = "uk-icon-angle-double-right" ></ i ></ a ></ p >
</ article >
< hr class = "uk-article-divider" >
{% endfor %}
</ div >
< div class = "uk-width-medium-1-4" >
< div class = "uk-panel uk-panel-header" >
< h3 class = "uk-panel-title" >友情链接</ h3 >
< ul class = "uk-list uk-list-line" >
< li >< i class = "uk-icon-thumbs-o-up" ></ i > < a target = "_blank" href = "#" >编程</ a ></ li >
< li >< i class = "uk-icon-thumbs-o-up" ></ i > < a target = "_blank" href = "#" >读书</ a ></ li >
< li >< i class = "uk-icon-thumbs-o-up" ></ i > < a target = "_blank" href = "#" >Python教程</ a ></ li >
< li >< i class = "uk-icon-thumbs-o-up" ></ i > < a target = "_blank" href = "#" >Git教程</ a ></ li >
</ ul >
</ div >
</ div >
{% endblock %}
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相应地,首页URL的处理函数更新如下:
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@view ( 'blogs.html' )
@get ( '/' )
def index():
blogs = Blog.find_all()
# 查找登陆用户:
user = User.find_first( 'where email=?' , 'admin@example.com' )
return dict (blogs = blogs, user = user)
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往MySQL的blogs表中手动插入一些数据,我们就可以看到一个真正的首页了。但是Blog的创建日期显示的是一个浮点数,因为它是由这段模板渲染出来的:
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< p class = "uk-article-meta" >发表于{{ blog.created_at }}</ p >
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解决方法是通过jinja2的filter(过滤器),把一个浮点数转换成日期字符串。我们来编写一个datetime的filter,在模板里用法如下:
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< p class = "uk-article-meta" >发表于{{ blog.created_at|datetime }}</ p >
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filter需要在初始化jinja2时设置。修改wsgiapp.py相关代码如下:
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# wsgiapp.py:
...
# 定义datetime_filter,输入是t,输出是unicode字符串:
def datetime_filter(t):
delta = int (time.time() - t)
if delta < 60 :
return u '1分钟前'
if delta < 3600 :
return u '%s分钟前' % (delta / / 60 )
if delta < 86400 :
return u '%s小时前' % (delta / / 3600 )
if delta < 604800 :
return u '%s天前' % (delta / / 86400 )
dt = datetime.fromtimestamp(t)
return u '%s年%s月%s日' % (dt.year, dt.month, dt.day)
template_engine = Jinja2TemplateEngine(os.path.join(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)), 'templates' ))
# 把filter添加到jinjia2,filter名称为datetime,filter本身是一个函数对象:
template_engine.add_filter( 'datetime' , datetime_filter)
wsgi.template_engine = template_engine
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现在,完善的首页显示如下: