https://www.cnblogs.com/haippy/p/3284540.html
与 C++11 多线程相关的头文件
C++11 新标准中引入了四个头文件来支持多线程编程,他们分别是<atomic> ,<thread>,<mutex>,<condition_variable>和<future>。
- <atomic>:该头文主要声明了两个类, std::atomic 和 std::atomic_flag,另外还声明了一套 C 风格的原子类型和与 C 兼容的原子操作的函数。
- <thread>:该头文件主要声明了 std::thread 类,另外 std::this_thread 命名空间也在该头文件中。
- <mutex>:该头文件主要声明了与互斥量(mutex)相关的类,包括 std::mutex 系列类,std::lock_guard, std::unique_lock, 以及其他的类型和函数。
- <condition_variable>:该头文件主要声明了与条件变量相关的类,包括 std::condition_variable 和 std::condition_variable_any。
- <future>:该头文件主要声明了 std::promise, std::package_task 两个 Provider 类,以及 std::future 和 std::shared_future 两个 Future 类,另外还有一些与之相关的类型和函数,std::async() 函数就声明在此头文件中。
简单例子
#include <QCoreApplication>
#include <iostream> // std::cout
#include <thread> // std::thread
#include <mutex> // std::mutex, std::lock_guard
#include <stdexcept> // std::logic_error std::mutex mtx; void thread_task()
{
std::cout << "hello thread" << std::endl;
} int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
QCoreApplication a(argc, argv); std::thread t(thread_task);
t.join(); return a.exec();
}
std::thread 在 <thread> 头文件中声明,因此使用 std::thread 时需要包含 <thread> 头文件。
std::thread 构造
default (1) |
thread() noexcept; |
---|---|
initialization (2) |
template <class Fn, class... Args> |
copy [deleted] (3) |
thread (const thread&) = delete; |
move (4) |
thread (thread&& x) noexcept; |
- (1). 默认构造函数,创建一个空的 thread 执行对象。
- (2). 初始化构造函数,创建一个 thread对象,该 thread对象可被 joinable,新产生的线程会调用 fn 函数,该函数的参数由 args 给出。
- (3). 拷贝构造函数(被禁用),意味着 thread 不可被拷贝构造。
- (4). move 构造函数,move 构造函数,调用成功之后 x 不代表任何 thread 执行对象。
- 注意:可被 joinable 的 thread 对象必须在他们销毁之前被主线程 join 或者将其设置为 detached.
#include <QCoreApplication>
#include <iostream>
#include <utility>
#include <thread>
#include <chrono>
#include <functional>
#include <atomic> void f1(int n)
{
for (int i = ; i < ; ++i) {
std::cout << "Thread " << n << " executing\n";
std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds());
}
} void f2(int& n)
{
for (int i = ; i < ; ++i) {
std::cout << "Thread 2 executing\n";
++n;
std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds());
}
}
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
QCoreApplication a(argc, argv); int n = ;
std::thread t1; // t1 is not a thread
std::thread t2(f1, n + ); // pass by value
std::thread t3(f2, std::ref(n)); // pass by reference
std::thread t4(std::move(t3)); // t4 is now running f2(). t3 is no longer a thread t2.join();
t4.join();
std::cout << "Final value of n is " << n << '\n'; return a.exec();
}
std::thread 各种构造函数例子
move 赋值操作
move (1) |
thread& operator= (thread&& rhs) noexcept; |
---|---|
copy [deleted] (2) |
thread& operator= (const thread&) = delete; |
- (1). move 赋值操作,如果当前对象不可 joinable,需要传递一个右值引用(rhs)给 move 赋值操作;如果当前对象可被 joinable,则 terminate() 报错。
- (2). 拷贝赋值操作被禁用,thread 对象不可被拷贝。
请看下面的例子:
#include <QCoreApplication>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h> #include <chrono> // std::chrono::seconds
#include <iostream> // std::cout
#include <thread> // std::thread, std::this_thread::sleep_for void thread_task(int n) {
std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::seconds(n));
std::cout << "hello thread "
<< std::this_thread::get_id()
<< " paused " << n << " seconds" << std::endl;
}
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
QCoreApplication a(argc, argv); std::thread threads[];
std::cout << "Spawning 5 threads...\n";
for (int i = ; i < ; i++) {
threads[i] = std::thread(thread_task, i + );
}
std::cout << "Done spawning threads! Now wait for them to join\n";
for (auto& t: threads) {
t.join();
}
std::cout << "All threads joined.\n"; return a.exec();
}
Spawning threads...
Done spawning threads! Now wait for them to join
hello thread paused seconds
hello thread paused seconds
hello thread paused seconds
hello thread paused seconds
hello thread paused seconds
All threads joined.