前言
Python 在 2.6 版本中新加了一个字符串格式化方法: str.format()
。它的基本语法是通过 {} 和 : 来代替以前的 %.。
格式化时的占位符语法:
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replacement_field :: = "{" [field_name] [ "!" conversion] [ ":" format_spec] "}"
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“映射”规则
通过位置
str.format()
可以接受不限个参数,位置可以不按顺序:
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>>> "{0} {1}" . format ( "hello" , "world" )
'hello world'
>>> "{} {}" . format ( "hello" , "world" )
'hello world'
>>> "{1} {0} {1}" . format ( "hello" , "world" )
'world hello world'
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通过关键字参数
使用关键参数时字符串中需要提供参数名:
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>>> "I am {name}, age is {age}" . format (name = "huoty" , age = 18 )
'I am huoty, age is 18'
>>> user = { "name" : "huoty" , "age" : 18 }
>>> "I am {name}, age is {age}" . format ( * * user)
'I am huoty, age is 18'
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通过对象属性
str.format()
可以直接读取用户属性:
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>>> class User( object ):
... def __init__( self , name, age):
... self .name = name
... self .age = age
...
... def __str__( self ):
... return "{self.name}({self.age})" . format ( self = self )
...
... def __repr__( self ):
... return self .__str__()
...
...
>>> user = User( "huoty" , 18 )
>>> user
huoty( 18 )
>>> "I am {user.name}, age is {user.age}" . format (user = user)
'I am huoty, age is 18'
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通过下标
在需要格式化的字符串内部可以通过下标来访问元素:
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>>> names, ages = [ "huoty" , "esenich" , "anan" ], [ 18 , 16 , 8 ]
>>> "I am {0[0]}, age is {1[2]}" . format (names, ages)
'I am huoty, age is 8'
>>> users = { "names" : [ "huoty" , "esenich" , "anan" ], "ages" : [ 18 , 16 , 8 ]}
>>> "I am {names[0]}, age is {ages[0]}" . format ( * * users)
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指定转化
可以指定字符串的转化类型:
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conversion ::= "r" | "s" | "a"
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其中 "!r" 对应 repr(); "!s" 对应 str(); "!a" 对应 ascii()。 示例:
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>>> "repr() shows quotes: {!r}; str() doesn't: {!s}" . format ('test1 ', ' test2')
"repr() shows quotes: 'test1'; str() doesn't: test2"
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格式限定符
填充与对齐
填充常跟对齐一起使用。^, <, > 分别是居中、左对齐、右对齐,后面带宽度, : 号后面带填充的字符,只能是一个字符,不指定则默认是用空格填充。
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>>> "{:>8}" . format ( "181716" )
' 181716'
>>> "{:0>8}" . format ( "181716" )
'00181716'
>>> "{:->8}" . format ( "181716" )
'--181716'
>>> "{:-<8}" . format ( "181716" )
'181716--'
>>> "{:-^8}" . format ( "181716" )
'-181716-'
>>> "{:-<25}>" . format ( "Here " )
'Here -------------------->'
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浮点精度
用 f 表示浮点类型,并可以在其前边加上精度控制:
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>>> "[ {:.2f} ]" . format ( 321.33345 )
'[ 321.33 ]'
>>> "[ {:.1f} ]" . format ( 321.33345 )
'[ 321.3 ]'
>>> "[ {:.4f} ]" . format ( 321.33345 )
'[ 321.3335 ]'
>>> "[ {:.4f} ]" . format ( 321 )
'[ 321.0000 ]'
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还可以为浮点数指定符号,+ 表示在正数前显示 +,负数前显示 -; (空格)表示在正数前加空格,在幅负数前加 -;- 与什么都不加({:f})时一致:
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>>> '{:+f}; {:+f}' . format ( 3.141592657 , - 3.141592657 )
'+3.141593; -3.141593'
>>> '{: f}; {: f}' . format ( 3.141592657 , - 3.141592657 )
' 3.141593; -3.141593'
>>> '{:f}; {:f}' . format ( 3.141592657 , - 3.141592657 )
'3.141593; -3.141593'
>>> '{:-f}; {:-f}' . format ( 3.141592657 , - 3.141592657 )
'3.141593; -3.141593'
>>> '{:+.4f}; {:+.4f}' . format ( 3.141592657 , - 3.141592657 )
'+3.1416; -3.1416'
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指定进制
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>>> "int: {0:d}; hex: {0:x}; oct: {0:o}; bin: {0:b}" . format ( 18 )
'int: 18; hex: 12; oct: 22; bin: 10010'
>>> "int: {0:d}; hex: {0:#x}; oct: {0:#o}; bin: {0:#b}" . format ( 18 )
'int: 18; hex: 0x12; oct: 0o22; bin: 0b10010'
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千位分隔符
可以使用 "," 来作为千位分隔符:
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>>> '{:,}' . format ( 1234567890 )
'1,234,567,890'
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百分数显示
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>>> "progress: {:.2%}" . format ( 19.88 / 22 )
'progress: 90.36%'
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事实上,format 还支持更多的类型符号:
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type ::= "b" | "c" | "d" | "e" | "E" | "f" | "F" | "g" | "G" | "n" | "o" | "s" | "x" | "X" | "%"
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其他技巧
占位符嵌套
某些时候占位符嵌套还是很有用的:
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>>> '{0:{fill}{align}16}' . format ( "hello" , fill = '*' , align = '^' )
'*****hello******'
>>>
>>> for num in range ( 5 , 12 ):
... for base in "dXob" :
... print ( "{0:{width}{base}}" . format (num, base = base, width = 5 ), end = ' ' )
... print ()
...
...
5 5 5 101
6 6 6 110
7 7 7 111
8 8 10 1000
9 9 11 1001
10 A 12 1010
11 B 13 1011
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作为函数使用
可以先不指定格式化参数,而是在不要的地方作为函数来调用:
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>>> email_f = "Your email address was {email}" . format
>>> print (email_f(email = "suodhuoty@gmail.com" ))
Your email address was sudohuoty@gmail.com
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转义大括号
当在字符串中需要使用大括号时可以用大括号转义:
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>>> " The {} set is often represented as { {0} } " . format ( "empty" )
' The empty set is often represented as {0} '
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总结
以上就是这篇文章的全部内容了,希望本文的内容对大家的学习或者工作能带来一定的帮助,如果有疑问大家可以留言交流,谢谢大家对服务器之家的支持。